This document discusses complications of the third stage of labor. It begins by listing some complications including postpartum hemorrhage, retained placenta, inverted uterus, and obstetric shock. It then provides more details on postpartum hemorrhage, including its causes related to poor uterine contraction, retained tissue, trauma, or coagulation abnormalities. The document also discusses algorithms for managing postpartum hemorrhage and compressing the uterus. It provides classifications for hemorrhagic and septic shock and their signs and symptoms. Treatment steps for resuscitating hemorrhagic shock are also outlined. Inverted uterus is then discussed, including its types, signs, and manual or surgical treatment approaches.
This document discusses complications of the third stage of labor. It begins by listing some complications including postpartum hemorrhage, retained placenta, inverted uterus, and obstetric shock. It then provides more details on postpartum hemorrhage, including its causes related to poor uterine contraction, retained tissue, trauma, or coagulation abnormalities. The document also discusses algorithms for managing postpartum hemorrhage and compressing the uterus. It provides classifications for hemorrhagic and septic shock and their signs and symptoms. Treatment steps for resuscitating hemorrhagic shock are also outlined. Inverted uterus is then discussed, including its types, signs, and manual or surgical treatment approaches.
This document discusses complications of the third stage of labor. It begins by listing some complications including postpartum hemorrhage, retained placenta, inverted uterus, and obstetric shock. It then provides more details on postpartum hemorrhage, including its causes related to poor uterine contraction, retained tissue, trauma, or coagulation abnormalities. The document also discusses algorithms for managing postpartum hemorrhage and compressing the uterus. It provides classifications for hemorrhagic and septic shock and their signs and symptoms. Treatment steps for resuscitating hemorrhagic shock are also outlined. Inverted uterus is then discussed, including its types, signs, and manual or surgical treatment approaches.
2- Retensio Placenta. 3- Inversio Uterus. 4- Syok dalam Obstetric (collapse) Postpartum hemorrhage (PPH) The most important single cause of maternal death in both developing and developed countries. Excessive bleeding occurs because of an abnormality in one of four basic processes, referred to in the “4Ts” mnemonic, either individually or in combination : Tone (poor uterine contraction after delivery) Tissue (retained products of conception or blood clots). Trauma (to genital tract), or Thrombin (coagulation abnormalities). HAEMOSTASIS algorithm H : Ask for help , S : Shift to operating theatre. A : Assess (vitals, blood loss) & Bimanual compression. resuscitate. Non pneumatic or pneumatic E : Establish etiology (4 T) anti- shock garment. Ecbolics (syntometrine, ergometrine). T : Tissue & trauma to be Ensure availability of blood. excluded. M : Massage the uterus. A : Apply compression sutures. O : Oxytocin infusion & S : Systematic pelvic prostaglandin. devascularisation. I : Interventional radiology. S : Subtotal /total hysterectomy. Kompresi Uterus The golden hour of : resuscitation The golden hour of resuscitation : golden hour is the time by which resuscitation must be initiated to ensure better survival. RULE of 30, IF : SBP falls by 30 mmHg, HR rises by 30 beats/min, RR ? to 30 breaths/min, Hct drop by 30%, Urine output <30 ml/hr She is likely to have lost at least 30% of her blood volume, is in moderate shock leading to severe shock. Stepwise administration of uterotonic drugs Starting with intravenous oxytocin, following with intramuscular Methylergometrin and as last option prostaglandine derivates as prostaglandine F2, E2 or misoprostol. In hypertensive patients, methylergometrin should be avoided, as it should be done with prostaglandins in asthmatic women. Syok hemoragik dan septik Etiologi Syok hemoragik terjadi karena perdarahan akibat abortus , KET, cedera pembedahan, perdarahan antepartum, perdarahan postpartum atau koagulopati. Syok septik biasanya ditimbulkan oleh penyebaran endotoksin : bakteri gram negatif sering (coli, proteus, pseudomonas, enterokokus, aerobakter). bakteri gram positif jarang (streptokokus, stafilokokus, klostridium welchii) Klasifikasi syok hemoragik Syok ringan Perdarahan < 20% volume darah penurunan perfusi jaringan dan organ non vital. Tidak terjadi perubahan kesadaran, volume urin yg keluar normal atau sedikit berkurang, dan mungkin terjadi asidosis metabolik. Syok sedang Terjadi penurunan perfusi pada organ yang tahan terhadap iskemia waktu singkat (hati, usus, ginjal). Timbul oliguria (urin <0,5ml/kgBB/jam) dan asidosis metabolik, tetapi kesadaran masih baik. Klasifikasi syok hemoragik Syok berat Perfusi jaringan otak dan jantung sudah tidak adekuat. Terjadi anuria, penurunan kesadaran (delirium, stupor, koma) dan sudah ada gejala hipoksia jantung (EKG abnormal, curah jantung turun) Perdarahan ≥50% menyebabkan henti jantung. TD cepat menurun dan pasien jadi koma, nadi tidak teraba mati klinis (nadi tidak teraba, apneu) Gejala klinik syok hemoragik Syok ringan Takikardia minimal, hipotensi sedikit, vasokonstriksi tepi ringan : kulit dingin, pucat, basah. Urin normal / sedikit berkurang. Keluhan : merasa dingin. Syok sedang Takikardia 100-120/menit, hipotensi sistolik 90-100 mmHg. Oliguria/anuria. Keluhan : haus. Syok berat Takikardia >120/menit, hipotensi sistolik < 60mmHg, pucat sekali, anuria, agitasi, kesadaran menurun. Gejala klinik syok septik Demam tinggi >38,9°C, sering diawali dengan menggigil, kemudian suhu turun dalam beberapa jam (jarang hipotermi). Takikardia Hipotensi (sistolik < 90mmHg) Ptekia, leukositosis atau leukopenia, trombositopenia Hiperventilasi dengan hipokapnia Gejala lokal misalnya nyeri tekan di daerah abdomen, perirektal Syok septik dicurigai pada : demam, hipotensi, trombositopenia, atau koagulasi intravaskular yang tidak dapat diterangkan penyebabnya. Resusitasi syok hemoragik Sebelumnya lakukan tindakan yang bertujuan untuk pemulihan segera perfusi jaringan dan kapasitas angkut oksigen yang adekuat Posisi pasien : baringkan terlentang dengan kaki ditinggikan Bebaskan dan pelihara jalan nafas : tidur tanpa bantal, kepala tengadah Beri O2 5-10 L/menit melalui kanula hidung atau sungkup muka Resusitasi syok hemoragik Resusitasi cairan Kanul iv ukuran besar (16 G), pasang kateter vena sentral. Petunjuk keberhasilan resusitasi : perbaikan tekanan pengisian atrium, produksi urin, perbaikan kesadaran. Awal : berikan cairan garam berimbang (RL, NaCl) 2-3 kali jumlah darah yang hilang dengan tetesan cepat selama 20-30 menit. Pemberian D5% tidak dianjurkan intoksikasi air dan edema otak. Cairan koloid : dekstran, albumin 5%, HES Mengganti darah transfusi. Resusitasi syok hemoragik Pemberian obat-obatan Sodium bikarbonat Vasokonstriktor Kortikosteroid Keberhasilan resusitasi Tekanan pengisian atirum normal / mendekati normal (tekanan vena sentral 3-8 cm H2O) Produksi urin > 0,5 ml/kgBB/jam Kesadaran bertambah baik Perfusi jaringan meningkat Curah jantung meningkat (>3,5 L/menit) Resusitasi syok hemoragik Kegagalan resusitasi Peningkatan tekanan pengisian atrium dan produksi urin > normal pemberian cairan terlalu banyak cairan diperlambat Tekanan pengisian atrium dan produksi urin < normal cairan lebih banyak Penilaian Observasi cermat : TD, nadi, respirasi, kesadaran, tekan vena sentral Ukur cairan masuk dan keluar Periksa Hb dan Ht secara periodik Lakukan analisis gas darah arteri Medika mentosa pd syok septik Terapi cairan Cairan garam berimbang 1-2 L selama 30-60 menit perbaiki sirkulasi tepi dan produksi urin Obat inotropik : Dopamin dosis awal <5µg/kgBB /menit aliran darah ginjal dan mesenterik ↑ Antibiotika : dosis > tinggi iv Tindakan pembedahan Untuk mengeluarkan / drainasi sumber infeksi Medika mentosa pd syok septik Sodium bikarbonat Utk koreksi asidosis metabolik yg berat Kortikosteroid Masih diperdebatkan. Deksametason 3 mg/kgBB (iv) atau Metilprednisolon 30mg/kgBB diulangi tiap 4 jam (bila perlu) Heparin Bila syok septik disertai koagulasi intravaskular diseminata (DIC) Inversio Uteri Pendahuluan Definisi: The body of the uterus is partially or completely turned inside out. Etiology: (I) Spontaneous inversion : 1- Partus Precipitatus. 2- Tali pusat pendek. 4- Submucous myoma. (II) Iatrogenic inversion : 1. Penekanan fundus uteri 2. Tarikan tali pusat yang berlebihan. Tingkatan Tingkatan: 1. Tingkat I : Fundus uteri inversi kedalam cavum uteri. 2. Tingkat II : Fundus uteri inversi kedalam cavum uteri dan keluar melalui serviks uteri. 3. Tingkat III : Seluruh uterus, termasuk cervix inversi kedalam vagina dan tampak diluar vulva N.B. - Incomplete inversion : Tingkat I dan II. - Complete inversion : Tingkat III. Gejala dan Tanda (A) Gejala: 1. Nyeri abdomaen bawah. 2. Sensasi penuh dalam vagina Terasa masih ingin mengejan setelah plasenta lahir 3. Vaginal bleeding 4. Subacute inversion: Gejala ringan dan bertahap menjadi berat ketika penderita merasakan ada bekuan darah tertahan dan infeksi. Inversio Uteri Gejala dan Tanda (B) Tanda: (1) Pemeriksaan Umum: Gejala Shock neorogenik Traksi peritoneum dan tekanan pada tuba, ovarium dan intestinum (2) Abdominal examination: - Cupping fundus uteri -------- pada tingkat I dan II - Tidak teraba fundus uterus -------- pada tingkat III (3) Vaginal examination: Inversi uterus tingkat II dan III tampak ada massa lunak merah abu- abu pada vagina dan vulva. Penatalaksanaan (1) Mengatasi shock (2) Manual reduksi/reposisi: Inversi uterus dilakukan reduksi secara manual dengan anaesthesia, jangan dilakukan penundaan reduksi walau uterus mengalami edema atau sulit dikembalikan. Lokalisasi yang mengalami inversi dikembalikan terlebih dahulu, dilanjutkan pada area fundus uteri Massage uterus dan berikan ergometrine , oxytocin drip dan antibiotics. Manual Reduksi Gejala dan Tanda (3) Hydrostatic reduction: Replacement is possible by fluid pressure with warm saline delivered into the vagina through a wide bore tube from a container held at a height of about 60 cm. The vaginal introitus is closed by holding the labia major together. (4) Surgical reduction: Dilakukan pada inversio subacute atau chronic inversio Insisi cervix bagian posterior atau anterior kemudian dilakukan reposisi uterus pervaginam atau perabdominan Sekian