PERANCANGAN SISTEM KERJA DAN ERGONOMI (IEI2H3)

Mental Workload

Prepared by:
Team teaching (DCO, YGN, IKP, ATU, MUF, YFN)

Prodi S1 Teknik Industri

Fakultas Rekayasa Industri
Universitas Telkom
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 Mental Workload: Introduction

Definition
Source: Florida Politics

No universal
agreement about
Measurement
mental workload
menthods

2
 Mental Workload: Definition
The task demands
Individual, A set of task (task load) are the
given their demands, as goals to be achieved:
capacities,
the time allowed
while achieving
a particular to perform the
effort
level of task
performance
on a task with
specific activity the performance
demands level
(Hart and
Staveland, 1988).
accomplishment.
(Gartner and Murphy 1979).

3
Meijman & O’Hanlon (1984) dalam De Waard, (1996)

4
 Accident & Mental Workload
• workload  human
error  80% of
Recent accident statistics show failures
(Gregorides and Sutcliffe, 2008)

Workload reduce the

alertness and vigilance of
human agents with increased
likelihood of accidents (Sussman,
2000).

Source: workplace injury 5

Mental Workload Measurement
Mental workload
cannot be
measured directly
(Stasi, Antoli and Canas,2011)
Estimated indirectly
by measuring
variables considered
to be related to it
Source: Measurement
6
 Work Load

Physical Mental

Source: The Rebel Workout

As modern technology in many working environments imposes greater cognitive

demands upon operators than physical demands (Singleton, 1989)
MENTAL WORKLOAD
Source : Conan Fitness

8
 Mental Workload Measurement
Objective
Measurement
• Using Physiologycal
approach to find the mental
Work workload level of conducting
Load a task
Sumber: Pivot Physical Therapy

Subjective
Measurement
• Using feeling and perception
to find the mental workload
level of a conducted a task Source:
Source: Physical
Physical
 Workload Measurement

The main catagories of workload measurement

(Young and Stanton, 2005)

Primary task Secondary task

Physiologica Subjective
Performance Performance
l Measures Ratings
Measure Measure

Source:
Source: Human
Human Development
Development Reports
Reports -- UNDP
UNDP
1. OBJECTIVE METHODS

Source: Live Science

11
Objective methods (2)

Measure
physiological change
of workers

Nervous and
chemical reaction of
human body during
increasing demand
Source: Getty Images

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 1. Brain Activity
Brain processes the information,
makes decisions, and initiates
an actions (Brooking et al. 1996)

Advantages: continuously
available, (Gevins et al. 1995)

Disadvantages: needs special

equipment and expertise to
operate and interpret the data

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 1. Brain Activity
Electroencephalogram (EEG)
The brainwave signals
are classified into four
frequencies Increasing workload
(De Waard, 1996)

0-4 Hz (Delta),

4-8 Hz (Theta),
Alpha disappear
8-13 Hz (Alpha), replaced by beta
(Sabbatini, 1997)
> 13 Hz (Beta)

31-42 Hz (Ultra
beta0)

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 1. Brain Activity
Electroencephalogram (EEG)

Work principle Disadvantages

Difficult to be
detected
Measuring when there is
the workload movements
based on the
brainwave.
(De Waard,1996)
Costly

Source : Mayo Clinic

15
 2. Eyes
Eye Blink
Frequency of
Eye Blink The duration of
Eye Blink Rate blinking in
Duration blinking
certain times

Influencing
Advantages: Measurement factors:
Decreasing eye blink
Simple frequency and duration  Environment
increasing visual workload
Brookings et al., 1996; De Waard, 1996; East, (Light, air quality)
Good in measuring 2000; Hankins & Wilson, 1998; Van Orden,
1999; Veltman & Gaillard, 1996; Wilson,
(De Waar,1996)
the visual workload 1993

SOURCE: Lifevine's Blog - WordPress.com

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 2. Eyes
Pupil Diameter

Pupil Diameter
increases as the
workload increases
(Backs, 1992; Beatty, 1982; Casali, 1983;
May, 1990)

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 2. Eyes
Eye Fixation

Measures
the eyes
control on
a static
object
Source: misticall8.blogspot.com

focus
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 2. Eyes
Electrooculogram (EOG)
Tool to measure There are not many
current research
saccadic eye
explaining the
movement (sudden advantages of using the
or fast eye EOG to measure the
movement) (Galley, workload (Galley
1993). (1993))

Disadvantages
• difficult to be applied in
real-world,
• costly
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 2. Eyes
Eye Tracker
Development of EOG
• EOG Development
Eye tracker is used for
detecting the pupil’s
position accurately to
extract the information
based on the human
attention

Conducting for practical

purpose Source:
Source: Tobii
Tobii Pro
Pro

Commonly used in web

design application,

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 3. Heart Rate
Contraction occurred due
to the nerve signal impulse Factors influencing
controlled by brain
heart rate
• Breath dynamics
• Metabolism processes
• Physical activity
• Posture dynamics
• Emotional dynamics

Source: SHAPESENSE.COM

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 3. Hearth Rate (2)
The heart beat increases
as the workload
increases Costa, 1993;
Hankins & Wilson, 1998;
Jorna, 1993; Roscoe, Heart rate varies for
1993; Veltman & Gaillard,
1996; Wilson, 1993;
every individual (need to
Wilson, Fullenkamp, & know the baseline of
Davis, 1994) individual)

Heart rate measures the

relative level of workload
(it does not measure the
absolute level)

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 3. Heart Rate
Heart Rate Variability

The workload is The decreasing power

measured based on in the high frequency
the power signal related with the
dynamics (Aasman, mental effort and task
Mulder & Mulder, demand (G.Mulder,
1987; Mulder, 1992) 1980 dll)

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 4. Breath
The faster the
O2  Co2 breath, the
higher the
Measurement workload
• based on the breath
speed
• by monitoring the
air circulation in the
lungs
Source: human lung

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 5. Blood Pressure
Used as the additional There are plenty study
measurement of the implement this
workload measurement methods

The blood pressure increases

as the workload increases
(Veltman & Gaillard, 1996)

Can’t measure the workload

in detail
Source: National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute - NIH

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 6. Skin
Galvanic Skin Response

Electrophysiological The measurement tool is

measurement technique
placed on two fingers due to
nerve fibers availability under
Based on the physiologycal
change of the skin due to the finger skin
the changing activities of the
sweat glands

The sweat gland is activated

during stress or under
pressure

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 7. Speech
Related to emotional The workload adjustment
condition based on speech
measurement
High workload  stress 
(Brenner et.al : 1994)
respiration speed increasing
• Loudness
• High pitch
• Shorter breath duration

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SUBJECTIVE METHODS
(SUBJECTIVE RATING)

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 Introduction

Subjective ratings are influenced by the individual’s

current goals, motives, and plans (Annett, 2002).

Two categories of subjective rating (Young and

Stanton, 2005)
• unidimensional dan
• multidimensional

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Uni-dimensional vs Multidimensional
(Sarah Miller, 2001)

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 Uni- Subjective Multi-
Dimensional Rating Dimensional

Using more than one

Using one dimension to
dimension to describe the
describe workload globally
workload

Able to identify the cause of

Easy to use and analyze the workload according to the
dimensions
 Unidimensional
considered to be too simple to measure the complexity of workload.

unidimensional scale has been given some validity (Byers, 1989; Gopher, 1984;
Hendy, Hamilton, & Landry, 1993; Hill et al., 1992)[Vidulich, 1987 #106].

Unidimensional scales have even been found to outperform multidimensional scales

[Vidulich, 1987 #106].

“(People) appear to be able to use a single scale to evaluate all tasks, despite their
huge diversity in modalities, mental operations, and response modes” (Gopher,
1984).

Easy and least time-consuming to measure and analyze

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 Unidimensional
• a 10-point unidimensional rating scale that results in a
Modified Cooper- global rating of workload” (Hill et al., 1992)
Harper Scale • Measure : perceptual, cognitive, and communication
workload (Wierwille, 1983)
(MCH) • Hard to complete, Not sensitive, Poor description of
workload (Hill et al. 1992)

• Scale from 0 to 100

Overall Workload • Zero = very low workload
• 100 = very high workload
Scale • Easy to learn, to use, need a little time
(OW) • Almost as sensitive as the multidimensional scale
(Byers, 1998; Hill et al., 1992)

Rating Scale Mental • Scale from 0 to 150

• 9 descriptive label (from absolutely no effort to
Effort extreme effort)
(RSME)
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 Multidimensional

• 6 dimension : mental demand, physical demand,

temporal demand, performance, effort, and frustration
NASA Task Load • Good multidimensional scale for measuring mental
Index (NASA-TLX) workload (Byers, 1989; Hill et al., 1992)
• Take a long time to complete and analyze the test

Subjective
Workload • Use 3 dimension : Time load, mental load and
Assessment physiological load
• Use three level for each dimension
Technique
(SWAT)

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 Conclussion (1)

Subjective measurement of workload is good for determining how much

workload a person “feels.”

In the past, multi-dimensional measures were considered the best form

of subjective measurement of workload.

Recently, however, there is some evidence that unidimensional ratings of

workload could be just as good as the multidimensional scales.

For simple tasks, or while performing a task, a unidimensional rating

scale is very good because it is fast, easy, and not distracting.

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 Conclusion (2)

The overall workload scale has been shown to be a

good unidimensional rating scale. At the end of the
test, it may be beneficial to use a multidimensional
scale to gain a more exact estimate of workload.

The best multidimensional measurement is the

NASA-TLX. Although it takes a long time to complete,
it has been shown to be very accurate.

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