TJC 401

S 1 Noun1 wa Noun2 desu.

T
R wa as for (topic marker, particle)
U desu is, am, are
C
T N1 topic
U N2 details/story/explanation of N1
R
E

1
PRESENT AFFIRMATIVE
S 1 Noun1 wa Noun2 dewa
T
R
arimasen.
wa as for (topic marker, particle)
U dewa arimasen is, am, are not
C
T N1 topic
U N2 details/story/explanation of N1
R
E

2
PRESENT NEGATIVE
S 1 Noun1 wa Noun2 desu
T
R
ka.
wa as for (topic marker, particle)
U desu is, am, are
C
T ka question mark (?)
U N1 topic
R
E N2 details/story/explanation of N1

QUESTION PRESENT AFFIRMATIVE

 no namae wa name desu.

no shigoto wa job desu.

wa number-sai desu.

Kazoku/kyōdai wa number-nin desu.

1) ~ wa N(Direction) desu.
Toshokan wa asoko desu.

2) [Kore/Sore/Are (wa)] N (Thing) desu.

Kore wa kaban desu.

3) [Kore/Sore/Are (wa)] [N (Person) no] N (Thing) desu.

[Kono/Sono/Ano N (wa)] [N (Person) no] N (Thing) desu.
Kore wa watashi no (kaban) desu.
Kono kaban wa watashi no (kaban) desu

4) [Kore/Sore/Are (wa)] [N (Country) no] N (Thing) desu.

[Kono/Sono/Ano N (wa)] [N (Country) no] N (Thing) desu.
Kore wa Nihon no (kaban) desu.
Kono kaban wa Nihon no (kaban) desu
5) [Kore/Sore/Are (wa)] Counters Price (~en/~ringitto) desu.
[Kono/Sono/Ano N (wa)] Counters Price (~en/~ringitto) desu.

Kore wa hitotsu 50-ringitto desu.

Kono kaban wa hitotsu 50-ringitto desu.

6) [N(Thing) o] Counter kudasai.

Kaban o kudasai.

7) [N (thing) mo] kudasai.

Hon mo kudasai.

8) [N (o)] misete kudasai.

Kaban o misete kudasai.
wa koko/soko/asoko desu.

wa N no position desu.

wa number-kai/gai desu.

wa number-ban desu.
Event wa -ji desu.

Event wa -ji kara desu.

Event wa -ji made desu.

Event wa ~-yōbi desu.

Event wa ~-nichi desu.

S
T Noun1 wa Noun2 deshita.
R
U wa as for (topic marker, particle)
C deshita was, were
T
U
R
E

4 PAST AFFIRMATIVE
Noun1 wa Noun2 dewa arimasen
S deshita.
wa as for (topic marker, particle)
T
R dewa arimasen deshita was, were not
U
C
T
U
R
E PAST NEGATIVE
5
TJC 451
 どうし　 VERB

•ikimasu
wa e •kimasu
•kaerimasu
*ni (at, on, in)
to (with)
de (by)
 どうし　 VERB

wa No V-masu

*ni (at, on, in)

to (with)
de (at)
 [N o] V-masu

[N (Person) wa] [N o] V-masu

[N (Person) wa] [N (Time) *ni] [N o] V-masu/ V-mashita

[N (Person) wa] [N (Person) to] [N o] V-masu

[N (Person) wa] [N (Place) de] [N o] V-masu

N (Person1) wa yoku/tokidoki Noun o V-masu.
N (Person1) wa amari/zenzen Noun o V-masen.

Q: Issho ni N o V-masen ka.

A: Hai, V-mashō.
Sumimasen ga, chotto...

Q: Mō N o V-mashita ka.
A: Hai, mō V-mashita.
Iie, mada desu.
1. [N (Person1) wa] [N (Person2) ni] [Noun o] V-masu

P1 → P2 mēru o okurimasu (send email)

denwa o kakemasu (call)
[N (Thing) o] agemasu (give ~)

ni aimasu (meet)

to (kepada)
3. [N (Person1) wa] [N (Person2) ni] [Noun o] V-masu

P2 → P1 [N (Thing) o] moraimasu (get)

ni

from (daripada)
PRESENT TENSE
kirei desu (na-adj) – clean/beautiful
+ve kirei desu
-ve kirei dewa arimasen
N wa na-adj desu/ na-adj dewa arimasen.

chiisai desu (i-adj) - small

+ve chiisai desu

-ve chiisakunai desu

N wa i-adj N desu/ i-adj N dewa arimasen.

 PRESENT TENSE
(Na-adj) kirei desu (beautiful) + (N) machi (town)
+ve kireina machi desu
-ve kireina machi dewa arimasen
N wa na-adjna N desu/ na-adjna N dewa arimasen.

(i-adj) chiisai desu (small) + (N) kamera (camera)

+ve chiisai kamera desu

-ve chiisai kamera dewa arimasen

N wa i-adj N desu/ i-adj kunai desu.

 1

(na-adj)
kirei de, shinsetsu desu
N wa na-adj de, i-adj/na-adj.

(i-adj)
Chiisakute, kawaii desu
N wa i-adj kute, i-adj/na-adj.
 ? nani ga
ni (Thing ga) arimasu

? dare ga
ni ( ga) imasu

? nani ga
ni ( ga) imasu
 ? doko
(Thing wa) ni arimasu

( wa) ni imasu

( wa) ni imasu
TJC 501
 PRESENT PAST
kirei desu (na-adj) – clean/beautiful

+ve kirei desu kirei deshita

-ve kirei dewa arimasen kirei dewa arimasen

deshita

chiisai desu (i-adj) - small

+ve chiisai desu chiisakatta desu

-ve chiisakunai desu chiisakunakatta desu

 PRESENT PAST
(Na-adj) kirei desu (beautiful) + (N) machi (town)

+ve kireina machi desu kireina machi deshita

-ve kireina machi kireina machi dewa

dewa arimasen arimasen deshita

(i-adj) chiisai desu (small) + (N) kamera (camera)

+ve chiisai kamera desu chiisai kamera deshita

-ve chiisai kamera chiisai kamera dewa

dewa arimasen arimasen deshita
 (na-adj)
1

kirei de, shinsetsu deshita

1

(i-adj)
1

Chiisakute, kawaikatta desu

1
(na-adj)

kirei de, shizukana machi deshita

(i-adj)

chiisakute, yasui kamera desu

Q: Dōshite ~ ka?
(Why ~ ?)
A: ~ kara.
(Because ~)

A: ~ i-adj desu / i-adj ~kunai desu kara.

~ na-adj desu / na-adj ~dewa arimasen kara.

~ i-adj katta desu / i-adj ~kunakatta desu kara.

~ na-adj deshita / na-adj ~dewa arimasen deshita kara.

~ V-masu / V-masen kara.

~ V-mashita / V-masen deshita kara.
Watashi wa ~ V-tai desu / V-takunai desu.
Anata wa ~ V-tai desu ka.

Watashi wa N (Thing) ga hoshii desu / hoshikunai desu.

Anata wa N (Thing) ga hoshii desu ka.

N (Person) wa N o V-te, V-~.

N o V-te kudasai.
N o V-te, V-te kudasai.
N (Place) kara N (Place) made donogurai kakarimasu ka.
Dōyatte N (Place) e ikimasu ka.
 atama

kami no ke
hitai
me
mimi
hana
kuchi ha

kata kubi

hiji mune
ude
onaka
yubi te

hiza

ashi kubi
ashi
 Sakit ~

_____ ga itai desu

name of body parts

N (Person) wa Noun ga SUKI DESU – KIRAI DESU.
suki desu – like totemo totemo
sukoshi sukoshi
kirai desu – dislike

N (Person) wa Noun ga JŌZU DESU – HETA DESU.

jōzu desu – good at/in/on totemo totemo
sukoshi sukoshi
heta desu – poor at/in/on

N (Person) wa Noun ga DEKIMASU – DEKIMASEN.

dekimasu – able to yoku amari
sukoshi zenzen
dekimasen – unable to
V~masu → V~te + imasu
1. Action in progress
Nani o shite imasu ka.
N (Person) wa *ima N (Thing) o V-te imasu. V-te imasen
→ V-te imasu = V-ing (is/am/are doing ~)

2. Continuing state which resulted from a certain action in the past.

doko
a. N (Person) wa N (Place) ni sunde imasu.
→ sunde imasu (sumimasu) = living in/at ~
nani / dare
b. N (Person) wa N (Thing/Person) o shitte imasu.
→ shitte imasu (shirimasu) = know (thing/person)

X
shitte imasen
shirimasen
 nani
c. N (Person) wa N (Thing) o motte imasu.
→ motte imasu = have/own (possession)

d. ~ kekkon shite imasu.

→ kekkon shite imasu (kekkon shimasu) = married

3. A habitual action, when the same action is repeatedly

performed
over a period of ?time
doko
a. N (Person) wa N (Place) de benkyō o shite imasu.
→ benkyō o shite imasu = studying in/at ~

? doko
b. N (Person) wa N (Place) de shigoto o shite imasu.
→ shigoto o shite imasu = working in/at ~
N (Person) wa N (occupation) ni naritai desu.
~ want to be ~

N (Person) wa N (Occupation) ni naritai desu <-> naritakunai desu

? Nani ni naritai desu ka.

Watashi wa bengoshi ni naritai desu.

I want to be a lawyer.

Watashi wa isha ni naritakunai desu.

I don’t want to be a doctor.