Aircraft Materials and Hardware

Lecture 02: Screws

Muhammad Dawood Bukhari
Lecturer
Lahore School of Aviation
The University of Lahore
Lahore School of Aviation
1
The University of Lahore
 GENERAL
• A screw thread may be considered as a raised
form known as helix produced on the outside
of a cylinder or on the inside of walls of a
cylindrical hole.
• For simplicity the term' screw thread' is often
abbreviated to' thread'.
• The screw threads formed on the outside
surface of the cylinder are known as 'external’
or ‘male threads’ and the screw threads
formed inside surface of the cylindrical hole
are known as ' internal' or female ' threads.
Lahore School of Aviation
2
The University of Lahore
Screw Thread Diagram

Lahore School of Aviation

3
The University of Lahore
 ABBREVIATIONS USED
• AN Air force-Navy
HTSS High Tensile Stainless Steel
• AGS Aircraft General standards LTS Low Tensile Stainless Steel
• Al Aluminum Alloy MS/MIL Military standard
• ASAircraft Standards MTS Medium Tensile Stainless Steel
NAS National Aircraft/Aerospace Standard
• BABritish Association NC American National Course
• BS British Standards NF American National Fine
• SS Stainless Steel
BSF British Standards Fine
UNC Unified Course Thread
• BSP British Standards Pipe UNF Unified Fine Thread
• CRS Corrosion Resisting Steel UNS Unified Special Thread
UNJF Unified fatigue-resistant fine thread
• csk countersunk Threads per inch
• c/t close tolerance
• HTS High Tensile Steel

Lahore School of Aviation

4
The University of Lahore
 SCREW THREAD TERMINOLOGY
• Allowance: The minimum clearance or maximum interference, which is intended between
mating parts.

• Angle of Thread: The included angle between the flanks of a thread, measured in an axial
plane section.

• Axis of Thread: The longitudinal centre line through the threaded portion.

• Basic Size: The nominal standard dimensions of the threads from which all variations are
made.

• Chamfer: The tapered and relieved cutting teeth at the front end of the threaded section.

• Crest: That part of the surface of a thread, which connects adjacent flanks at the top of
the ridge.

• Cutting face: The leading side of the land.

• Depth of Thread: The distance between

Lahore School of the root and crest, measured at right angles to
Aviation
the axis. 5
The University of Lahore
Lahore School of Aviation
6
The University of Lahore
SCREW THREAD TERMINOLOGY

Lahore School of Aviation

7
The University of Lahore
 SCREW THREAD TERMINOLOGY
• Effective Diameter
the simple effective diameter occurs halfway down the flanks and its nominal value
may be obtained by subtracting one depth of thread from the nominal major diameter
• Flank: The surface of the thread, which connects the root and the crest.

• Flank Angle: The angle between the flank of the thread and a line drawn perpendicular
to the axis

• Height of thread: In profile, distance between crest and bottom section of thread
measured normal to the axis.

• Land: One of the threaded sections between the flutes of a tap.

• Lead: The distance a screw advances axially in one complete turn.

• Length of Engagement: The axial distance over which two mating threads are designed
to make contact.

Lahore School of Aviation

8
The University of Lahore
 SCREW THREAD TERMINOLOGY
• Major Diameter: The largest diameter of the thread measured in a plane
normal to the axis.

• Minor Diameter: The smallest diameter of the thread measured in a plane

normal to the axis.

• Pitch: The distance from the centre of one crest to the centre of the next,
measured parallel to the main axis.

• Root: That part of the surface of the thread, which connects adjacent flanks at
the bottom of the groove.
• Threads per inch: The number of threads in one inch of length.
Thread:

• SINGLE: A thread, which is equal to pitch.

• DOUBLE: A thread in which lead is equal to twice the pitch.
• TRIPLE: A thread in which lead is equal to triple the pitch.
Lahore School of Aviation
• Truncation: A truncated thread is one having flat crests 9
The University of Lahore
Lahore School of Aviation
10
The University of Lahore
SCREW THREAD TERMINOLOGY

Lahore School of Aviation

11
The University of Lahore
 SCREW THREAD TERMINOLOGY
COARSE AND FINE PITCH THREADS
• Two screw threads may have the same major diameter and similar thread
form but different depths of thread. The part with deep thread will have
fewer threads per inch and pitch is said to be coarser than the part with
the shallow thread. The course pitch thread will have greater lead than
the fine pitch thread but the minor diameter will be less and hence the
strength.
• A screw with fine pitch thread will have stronger crest position, tighter
grip, finer adjustment and resistance to slackening tendency under
vibration
SINGLE AND MULTI START THREADS
• In a piece of work it is possible to have separate and independent threads
running along it. The independent threads are called starts. In a single
start thread the lead (L) will be equal to the pitch (p) and in multi-start
threads the lead will be equal to the pitch times the number of starts.
• Multi-start threads are used in those cases where rapid movement is
required.
Lahore School of Aviation
12
The University of Lahore
SCREW THREAD TERMINOLOGY

Lahore School of Aviation

13
The University of Lahore
 SCREW THREAD TERMINOLOGY
RIGHT HAND AND LEFT HAND THREADS
• Screw threads may be made either right or left-
handed. A right- hand thread is one in which the
part must be rotated clockwise to advance it (i .e.
screw it on); a left hand thread being one in which
the part must be rotated anti-clockwise to advance
it
FORMS OF SCREW THREADS
• Forms of screw threads vary according to the
purpose for which they are used and also according
to the country in which they are manufactured.
Most threads are V-form, but some are square and
some are modifications of either or both
Lahore School of Aviation
14
The University of Lahore
SCREW THREAD TERMINOLOGY

Lahore School of Aviation

15
The University of Lahore
 STANDARDIZED SCREW SYSTEM
Introduction
• Interchange ability of components is essential if screw
type fastening devices are to be a practical proposition,
and the first step towards interchange ability lies in
obtaining a degree of standardization of the screw threads
that are to be used in these devices.
BRITISH STANDARD WITHWORTH (BSW) THREAD
• The B.S.W. thread has a symmetrical V-type thread form
with thread angle 550
• the theoretical depth of the thread is equal to Pitch x 0.64.
This is a course thread
BRITISH STANDARD FINE (BSF) THREAD
• The B.S.F. thread uses the same thread-form as the B.S.W.
Lahore School of Aviation
thread, but has a finer pitch 16
The University of Lahore
STANDARDIZED SCREW SYSTEM

Lahore School of Aviation

17
The University of Lahore
 STANDARDIZED SCREW SYSTEM
BRITISH ASSOCIATION (BA) THREAD
• The fine pitch thread differs from the B.S.W. and B.S.F.
threads in having a thread angle on 471/20; the
feature of equal rounding of crests and roots is
retained

Lahore School of Aviation

18
The University of Lahore
 STANDARDIZED SCREW SYSTEM
• BRITISH STANDARD PIPE
• This specialized form of
standard thread has a fine
pitch, a thread angle of 550
with round crests and roots

• METRIC OR SYSTEMS
INTERNATIONAL (S.I.)
• This type of thread is of
Continental origin, all
dimensions being expressed
in millimetres. The thread
form is noticeably different
from that used in British
Standard threads; the thread
angle is 600, while crests and
roots are flattened equally
Lahore School of Aviation
to an extent 19
The University of Lahore
 STANDARDIZED SCREW SYSTEM
AMERICAN NATIONAL COARSE (N.C.) THREAD
• The N.C. thread has a symmetrical V-type thread form
with thread angle 600;
• This standard coarse- pitch thread
AMERICAN NATIONAL FINE (N.F.) THREAD
• This thread uses the same thread form as the N.C. but
has a much finer pitch

Lahore School of Aviation

20
The University of Lahore
 STANDARDIZED SCREW SYSTEM
TRANSMISSION THREADS
• This thread makes use of a thread angle of 290, and the basic triangle
of the thread form is truncated to give flat crests and roots of equal
width, and a depth of thread equal to one-half of the pitch
• Another form of thread that is widely adopted for transmission
purposes is the so-called 'square' thread,
• . Both flanks of this thread form are parallel and are set at 900 to the
screw axis, the crests and roots being flat and parallel to the axis

Lahore School of Aviation

21
The University of Lahore
 STANDARDIZED SCREW SYSTEM
UNJ THREADS
• A recent addition to the Unified range of threads is the UNJ
thread form, which is designed for increased fatigue strength
where working stress levels are high. It features an enlarged
root radius on the external thread and is particularly suitable
for aircraft applications

Lahore School of Aviation

22
The University of Lahore
 STANDARDIZED SCREW SYSTEM
CLASSES OF FIT OF UNJ THREAD

Unified BS

1A/1B Free
2A/2B Medium
3A/3B Close

A-External
B-Internal

Lahore School of Aviation

23
The University of Lahore
 STANDARDIZED SCREW SYSTEM
CLASSES OF FIT OF WHITWORTH FORM THREADS

External
 Close Used for snug fit, controlled accuracy for form
and pitch
 Medium Better class interchangeable thread
 Free Commercial quality threads

Internal
 Medium Better class interchangeable thread
 Normal Commercial quality threads

Lahore School of Aviation

24
The University of Lahore
 STANDARDIZED SCREW SYSTEM
CLASSES OF FIT OF BA THREADS

External
 0-10 Normal or Close
 11-16 Normal only
Internal
 0-16 only one class

Lahore School of Aviation

25
The University of Lahore
 THREAD GAUGES
GO GAUGES
• These gauges are designed to ensure that the
product does not exceed the maximum metal
condition specified in the appropriate
Standard for the type and size of thread
NOT GO GAUGES
• These gauges are designed to ensure that the
product meets the minimum metal limit
specified in the appropriate Standard and are
similar in appearance to GO gauges
Lahore School of Aviation
26
The University of Lahore
 THREAD GAUGES
GO GAUGES
External Thread
• Major Diameter: Go Plain ring gauge
• Minor Diameter: Go Screw ring gauge
Internal Thread
• Major Diameter: Go screw plug gauge
• Minor Diameter: Go plain plug gauge

Lahore School of Aviation

27
The University of Lahore
 THREAD GAUGES
NOT GO GAUGES
External Thread
• Major Diameter: Not Go Plain ring gauge
• Minor Diameter: Not Go Screw ring gauge
Internal Thread
• Major Diameter: Not Go screw plug gauge
• Minor Diameter: Not Go plain plug gauge

Lahore School of Aviation

28
The University of Lahore