PHYSIOLOGY

PRESENTATION
CORTICAL AREAS
GROUP 2
Objectives
• Definition
• Anatomical location
• Type of motor areas
• Specialized motor area
• Dysphasia’s, types and clinical presentation
Definition
• CORTICAL AREAS
These are areas within the cerebral cortex that are responsible for
coordinated motor output. E.g eye movement, taking
ANATOMICAL LOCATION OF THE
CORTICAL AREAS
• The brain is divided into four lobes, the frontal, parietal, temporal and occipital
lobe.
• The frontal lobe and the parietal lobe is divided by the central sulcus
• Anterior to the central sulcus is the is the motor cortex occupying one third of the
frontal lobe
• Posterior to the central sulcus is the somatosensory cortex
• Central sulcus is the dividing line between sensory and motor area
• The motor area itself is divided into three main areas (a) primary motor area (b)
pre motor area (c) supplementary motor area
• But there are also other areas like frontal eyes field, area responsible for neck
movement
Anatomical location
MOTOR AREAS
1. primary motor area
• It is the pre-central gyrus lying in the first convolution of
the frontal lobes anterior to the central sulcus
• This area is the same as area number 4 in Brodmann’s
classification of the brain cortical areas
• Primary motor cortex has a homunculus. It shows representations of the different muscle areas of the body in
the primary motor cortex
• This mapping was done by electrically stimulating the different areas of the motor cortex
• By distractive lesions – what functions was lost
• Primary motor area cannot programme motor movements for itself
• Stimulation cause contraction of a group of muscle
Homunculus
2. Premotor area
• 3cm anterior to the primary motor area
• There is also orientation of body part on the premotor area similar to the one on primary motor
area
• Stimulation of the premotor cause complex movement with a pattern or purpose
• This area plans motor activity e.g you want to touch your nose with eyes closed
• The anterior part of the premotor area is the motor image developer of the muscles which are to
contract
• The posterior part excites each successive pattern of muscle to achieve the image
• The premotor cortex sends its signals to the primary motor area either directly or excites specific
muscle often by means of the thalamus and basal ganglia for coordinated and complex
movement.
• So motor area has to have an update on the orientation of the body parts.( where body parts
area)
3. Supplementary Motor Area
• Control primitive motor function. e.g hip movement
• lies in the longitudinal fissure extending few cm in the superior
frontal cortex.
• Stimulation of this area causes bilateral movement
Some Specialized Areas of Motor
Control
Specialized motor area
• Broca’s area and speech
• Frontal eye field
• Head and neck rotation
• Hand skills
• Wernicke’s
• Localization of these areas was by electrical stimulation or destructive
lesions
Broca’s area and speech
• This area lies anterior to the primary motor area above the sylvian fissure
• Neurons present in this area are concern with phonation and articulation
• Articulation process is connected to the cerebellum
• Stimulates the primary motor area which coordinates the stimulation of
different muscle in a different pattern so that a particular word is produced
• Damage to this area does no meanful word can be synthesed but one is
able to phonate
• Dysphonia or aphasia is problem with phonation
• Dysarthrias sound is produced but there is uncoordinated articulation
Frontal eye field
• Just above the broca’s area
• Concern with eye movement and blinking
• Found on both side of the brain
• If there is irritation on one side the eye looks on the opposite side
• Make deviation to what degree the eyes should move
• Things that can destroy the eye field trauma, tumour
Head and neck rotation
• This area is superior to the frontal eye field
• Electric stimulation cause rotation of the head
• This area is closely associated with the frontal eye field
• It directs the head toward different object
Hand skills
• Superior to the head and neck
• Powerful motor programmer for the muscles of the hands.
• Skilled movement of the hands e.g in skiled dancers
• If damage the hands movement becomes uncoordinated a condition
called motor apraxia
Wernicke’s area
• Mental dictionary of the brain
• Is located in the temporal lobe
• Both auditory and visual has to go Wernicke’s area
• The Wernicke’s area is connected to the broca’s area via the arcute
funiculus
Types of dysphasia’s and clinical presentation
• Dysphasia’s are language problem in which a person has normal visual system, normal
auditory system, normal UMN and LMN but still they cannot either understand or
repeat due to damage to broca’s or Wernicke
• Broca’s
• Wernicke’s
• Mixed transcortical aphasia
• Nominal aphasia
• Global aphasia
• Conductive aphasia
• transcortical motor aphasia
• Transcortical sensory aphasia
THANK YOU