N D

L A S
A P E
R
U SC A
L DT
U
C AN E S O
I
R E L 3º
AG N .
.
6 AR R AI P
H
Y

M EOG
G
1. AGRARIAN ACTIVITY
- Agrarian activities are those activities which involve the production of animal or
plant materials. They are classified into agriculture, livestock farming and forestry.
- 1.1. FACTORS OF PRODUCTION.
- Factors of production can be physical factors and human factors .
- Physical factors are relief, climate and soil.
 Relief. Altitude can make agrarian activiy difficult. Flat terrain is the best type for
these activities.
 Climate: Can limit of benefit the crops ( example, rain is a very important issue)
 Soil: support and nourishes plants.
Human factors are: population, economic and technological development, land
ownership, shape and size of the land, agrarian policies.
Land ownership: land can be private or public property, communal or collective…
Sometimes the worker rents the land paying money to the owner to use the land.
Shape and size of lands: parcels of land can be small, medium- sized. Tthere are
Enclosed fields which are separated by walls or shrubs and open fields.
ENCLOSED FIELD
OPEN FIELD
1. AGRARIAN ACTIVITY
1.2. PRODUCTION SYSTEMS.
Agrarian activies use a range of production systems according to water
usage, use of land, crop variety, technology used and the size of farm.
 Water usage. Water is essential for agricultural activities. Dry farming
crops only need the rain water while irrigated crops need extra water.
 Use of the land. There are two systems:
- Extensive farming, in large fields, it is less productive with traditional
techniques and more productive using mechanised agricultural systems.
- Intensive farming, produces very high yields because it involves
significant economical investment and workforce.
1. AGRARIAN ACTIVITIES. PRODUCTION SYSTEMS

Irrigated crops
Dry farming crops
AGRARIAN ACTIVITIES. PRODUCTION SYSTEMS
 Crop variety. There are two systems:

- Polyculture. Different crops grown at the same time in order to satisfy the needs of
the owners.
- Monoculture: it involves growing one or two crops using modern technologies
usually for export.
POLYCULTURE
Soybeans growing in a monocultive crop
2. AGRICULTURE IN SPAIN AND ACROSS THE
WORLD
2..1 TRADITIONAL AGRICULTURE
Traditional agriculture uses traditional methods without mechanisation and
produces low yields. It needs many workers.
There are two main types of traditional agriculture:
 Subsistence agriculture. It produces very little or enough to survive. One of the
most used techniques involves burning a section of the forest, so the ashes enrich
the soil. The soil loses its richness and farmers travel and start the same process
( itinerant farming). It is found in Africa and Central and South America.
 Agriculture of self-consumption. This also aims to provide food but it is a
sedentary practice. Farmers use animals as labour and produce many different
crops. It is found in the southern of Europe and northern of Africa, and also in Asia
( rice crops)
Itinerant farming, burning the forest
Self consumption. Rice fields.
2.AGRICULTURE IN SPAIN AND ACROSS THE
WORLD
2.2. MODERN AGRICULTURE.
Modern agriculture refers to farming that is highly technoloigcal or mechanised.
Modern agriculture can be subdivided into two types:
 Commercial. The destinations of the products are the national and international
markets. The production process is highly technological, using chemical products
(fertilisers, herbicides). It uses appropiate selection of seeds and industrial production
techniques. Examples: plantations ( pineapple, tobacco, tea, fruit) and greenhouse
crops.
 Organic. This does not use chemical products and therefore creates better quality
products althoug more expensive.
Tea plantation in Sri Lanka
Greenhouse crops.
Organic crops
3. LIVESTOCK AND FOREST EXPLOTATION
- Livestock farming refers to the breeding of animals to produce meet, milk wool
and leather, or to be used as labour.
- 3.1. TRADITIONAL LIVESTOCK FARMING
- Traditional livestcok farming ranges from family livestock family (small in
number) to the large herds used for extensive grazing or trashumant farming
( moving herds from one location to the next, in search of new pasture land).
- 3.2. MODERN LIVESTOCK FARMING
- - Modern livestock farming is characterised by high production in farms , the
selection of the apropiate breeds and an industrialised production system.
- Production is mechanised and the yield is very high.
TRADITIONAL LIVESTOCK FARMING
MODERN LIVESTOCK FARMING
FORESTRY
- Forestry is an ancient activity but current levels of demand have endangered its
existence.
- Forest explotaition involves using forest to obtain wood, cork, resin and firewood
- The most widely exploited species are conifers, hardwoods tropical species and rubber
trees.
- The huge demands imposed by the world´s population has put forest in danger.
- Reforestation projects are helping to increase the size of forest.
FORESTRY
4. FISHING IN SPAIN AND ACROSS THE WORLD
Fishing is one of the most ancient human activites. However it has undergone
significant modernisation.
There are three types of fishing:
 Traditional fishing: performed in rivers and coastal areas. Production is for self-
comsumption.
 Artisanal fishing: small scale fishing using small boats. Production is small.
 Industrial fishing: takes place in large factory ships, in which fish is conserved by
refrigeration. They capture large quantities of food.
TRADITIONAL FISHING
ARTISANAL FISHING
INDUSTRIAL FISHING
4.FISHING IN SPAIN AND ACROSS THE WORLD
According to where fishing takes place there is a differentiation between inshore fishing (
coastal areas using small boats) and deep-sea fishing ( offshore using large boats)
Areas which are rich in fish are known as fishing areas. The Pacific Ocean is the most
prodcutive ocean in the world, followed by the Atlantic Ocean and Indian Ocean.
The most significant species that we fish are: hake, sardine, whiting, cod, anchovy,
herring, octopus and tuna.
There is now an understanding of the dangers of overexplotation.
AQUACULTURE: is the breeding of aquatic species in underwater farms or fish
farms found in rivers, lakes, seas and oceans. Acuaculture in Spain is an
economically important activity on the coasts of Galicia, Murcia, Canarias, Andalucía
and Valencia.
Some fish farming species in Spain are: sea bass, turbot, mussels, clams… Trout is
produced in fresh water.
5. TYPES OF AGRARIAN LANDSCAPES
Landscapes refer to the natural territories that have been modified by humans in roder to
fulfill their production needs.
 Traditional landscapes are Mediterranean, Oceanic, continental and Monsoon
landscapes.
- Mediterranean landscape grows wheat, vine, olive crops as well as vegetables and
fruits.
- Oceanic landscape is very humid and keeps livestock in enclosed natural grazing
plots.
- - Continental landscape generally have extensive plains, cereal crops and prairies for
livestock.
- Moonson landscapes are very humid zones. The population lives in palafittes in
order to escape the flooding during the rainy season.
5.TYPES OF AGRARIAN LANDSCAPES
 Modern landscapes are greenhouses, desert agriculture and jungle crops.

- Greenhouses. This is a type of landscape that has been created by commercial

agriculture. An example is the South of Almeria that is known as the sea of plastic,
due to the amount of greenhouses around the landscape.
- Desert agriculture. Certain arid or semi-arid areas have been converted to growing
crops due to the channelling of water from wells ( Israel, Saudi Arabia).
- Jungle crops. In certain areas that have were previously occupied by jungle, as the
Amazon, there are now huge plantations of soy. In certain tropical countries jungle
areas have been transformed intro fruit plantations ( banana, pineapple, citrus
fruits). The main consequence is deforestation, a huge global problem that threatens
biodiversity.
MEDITERRANEAN LANDSCAPE
OCEANIC LANDSCAPE
MONSOON LANDSCAPE- RICE CROPS
DESERT AGRICULTURE
GREENHOUSES. ALMERIA

Greenhouses are a type of landscape that has been created by commercial

agriculture. The South of Almería is known as the sea of plastic, due to the large
amount of greenhouses around the landscape.