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1.MINING RESOURCES IN THE WORLD AND
SPAIN
- Mining resources are raw materials that have a mineral origin although they can
also be of vegetable origin ( coal, petroleum).

- They belong to the primary sector as they are raw materials, but they are the
foundation of industry ( secondary sector) because they provide the minerals
and the sources of energy that the secondary sector needs.

- They consist of industrial rocks ( marble, granite, slate) and minerals ( iron,
copper, gold, silver, uranium).
SURFACE COAL MINE
OIL REFINERY PLANT
MINING RESOURCES
- Mineral resources are present throughout the world, but specially in certain
countries such as China, United States, South Africa and Russia.

- Coal is found in the basins next to the mountain ranges that were formed some 300
millions years ago, such as the Appalachians and the Ural Mountains.

- Oil is found mainly in the countries near the Persian Gulf, the Gulf of Mexico,
Venezuela, Russia and other countries and it is found in close proximity to natural
gas.
- Spain has historically been a country with one of the richest traditions of mining
( gold, silver, copper, iron , mercury, lead, coal) but today the mining industry has
almost completely disappeared.
COAL MINING
COAL MINING
2.ENERGY SOURCES
Energy sources are those that can produce light, heat and power to move different types
of machines. Energy is the lifeblood of technological and economic development.
2.1. TYPES OF ENERGY SOURCES
Energy sources are largely those sources of energy that come from the Sun of from rock
and minerals.
Depending on their nature they can be:
- Renewable energy. The main types of renewable energy are solar ( coming form the
Sun and harnessed by solar panels), eolian ( coming form the wind), geothermal
( produced from the heat inside the Earth), tidal and wave ( produced by the tides
and waves).
ENERGY SOURCES
- Non renewable. This has been the type of energy most widely used up to now. The
main forms of non-renewable energy are thermal (coming form burning coal, oil
and natural gas) and nuclear. Fossil Fuels ( coal, oil and natural gas ) are non-
renewable energies whose energy production is highly polluting.
- 2.2. PRODUCING COUNTRIES AND CONSUMING COUNTRIES.
- The main oil-producing countries are Saudi Arabia, countries in the Persian Gulf,
Russia and the United States.
- Many of them have joined an organisation called OPEC, to control the production
and the prices.
- The main consumers are the most developed countries: United States, Japan, China
and Western Europe.
- OPEC ( Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries).
RENEWABLE ENERGY- NON RENEWABLE ENERGY
RENEWABLE ENERGY / NON RENEWABLE
OPEC
ENERGY SOURCES
2.3. ENERGY PRODUCTION AND POLLUTION
The production of energy can be much more polluting than the extraction of fossil fuels.
Most global energy comes from burning coal, oil and natural gas, which generates a
tremendous amount of environmental pollution.
The gases this produces such as carbon dioxides, nitrogen are very dangerous to
human health, as well as to plants and animals.
Renewable energy is clean energy or scarcelly polluting, the opposite of non-renewable
energy. However it invloves a higher cost in terms of energy production.
COAL-FIRED POWER STATION
WORLD ENERGY CONSUMPTION BY SOURCES
3. INDUSTRY AND CONSTRUCTION
- Industry and Construction are the two activities that make up the secondary sector.
- 3.1. HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT OF INDUSTRY.
- Industry transforms raw materials into manufactured products. INDUSTRY has
evolved quickly and has passed thorugh several stages:
 The First Industrial Revolution ( at the end of the 18th century), based on coal
energy. The most important were metal and textile industries.
 The Second Industrial Revolution ( in the final third of the 19th century). Based
on energy derived from oil and electricity . These stage was marked by the
introduction of the assembly line.
 The information and automation revolution. Based on advanced technology.
4. INDUSTRIAL ACTIVITY
4.1. TYPES OF INDUSTRIES.
- There are several types of industry, which vary according to their characteristics.
 BASIC INDUSTRY (industria básica). These make the first changes to the raw
material ( minerals and energy sources). These industries changes minerals into
metals. Some examples are the energy industry, the steel or iron industry, the petrochemical
industry…

 CAPITAL GOODS INDUSTRIES ( industria de bienes de equipo.) which convert

metals into tools to companies, machinery, electrical equipment. Some examples are
mechanics.
 CONSUMER GOODS INDUSTRIES- (industria de bienes de consumo ), which
manufacture products that are to be sold directly to the consumer, suchs as the
pharmaceutical, textiles, footwear and food industries.
 BASIC INDUSTRY. METAL INDUSTRY

The metal industries process non-ferrous metals such as aluminium, copper, and
zinc; and ferrous materials such as steel. Both sectors are very important to the
EU’s economy, competitiveness, and industrial development.
CAPITAL GOODS INDUSTRIES

Capital Goods refer to products that are used in the production of

other products but are not incorporated into the new product. These
include machine tools, industrial machinery, process plant
equipment, construction & mining equipment, electrical
equipment, textile machinery, printing & packaging machinery etc.
CONSUMERS GOODS INDUSTRY

Common examples of consumer goods are food, textiles, footwear, high

technology, automobiles, furniture, household appliances, and mobile
phones.
INDUSTRIAL ACTIVITY
4.2. FACTORS FOR INDUSTRY LOCATION.
Industrial location depends on factors like
• Proximity of raw materials and energy sources
• Communications ( ports and transport routes)
• Proximity to market centres and consumption centres.
• Abundance of workforce, not only cheap labour, but also high-skilled workers

The main industrial centres are currently located in China and countries of East Asia,
United States, Western Europe, Russia, India, Brazil or Mexico