CHAPTER 1

Content

1.0 Biodiversity
1.1 Diversity of organisms
1.2 Classification of organisms
1.1 the variety of organisms
1. Living things are
called organisms.
There are many
kinds of organisms on
Earth.
2. The variety of
different types
organisms on Earth is
called biodiversity
 What is biodiversity?

Biodiversity refers to wide variety of organisms on Earth

Where can we find biodiversity?
 The place where organisms live is called the
habitat.
 Biodiversity is found in various habitats such
as
 forests,
 ponds,
 deserts,
 seas and
 soil.
 AN ENDEMIC SPECIES

Species that lives in

clusters within a
restricted habitat in a
specific location
Malayan tiger
Rafflesia
Pitcher plant
Leather back turtle
Borneo pygmy elephant
The importance of biodiversity

 Maintain the balance of nature

 Sources of food
 Attracttourists and so can contributes to
the economy of the country.
 Sources of medicine
 Raw material for industries
 Education
 Method of biodiversity conservation

In situ conservation Ex-situ conservation

 Preserves the  Preserves the
species within species outside of
their natural their natural
habitat habitat
 National parks  Zoos
 Permanent forest  Botanical parks
reserve
 Marine parks
How to maintain biodiversity?

 Restricting Exploitation of Forest Resources

 Reducing Pollution
 Stop overharvesting
 Protect habitat
 Endangered species act
2.

CLASSIFICATION OF ORGANISMS

ANIMALS PLANTS
1. There are two main groups of animals:

Animals

Vertebrates Invertebrates

Animal with backbones Animal without backbones

A. Invertebrates
a. More than 90% of animals are invertebrates
b. Since invertebrates have no backbone, they are
usually small in size.
c. Examples:
 Inserts such as ants, butterflies, flies, and
cockroaches
 Spiders
 Crabs
 Prawns
 Worms
 Mollusks such as snails
B. Vertebrates
a. Smaller group compared to invertebrates.
However, we are more familiar with this group
of animals
b. Since vertebrates have backbone to support their
weight, many vertebrates are large in size
c. Examples:
 Elephants
 Eagles
 Whales
 Snakes
 Frogs
 Clown fish
Classification of vertebrates

Vertebrates

Amphibians Birds Reptiles

Fish Mammals
1.Common characteristics of fish
 Body covered with slimy scales for protection
 Have fins and tail to swim
 Streamlined bodies to swim well
 Breathe through gills
 Poikilothermic (body temperature changes with the
 surrounding temperature)
 Lay eggs
 Carry out external fertilization (eggs are fertilized outside
 the female body)
Amphibians
1. Common characteristics of amphibians
• Body covered with moist skin
• Adults can live on land and water
• Adults breathe with lung on land and
through moist skin when in water
• Poikilothermic (body temperature changes
with the
surrounding temperature)
• Lay eggs covered with jelly-like substance
• Young amphibians live in water and breathe through
gills
• Carry out external fertilization (eggs are
fertilized outside the female body)
Tortoise
s Snake

Crocodile
1. Common characteristics of reptiles
•Body covered with hard and dry scales for protection
•Breathe with lungs
•Lay eggs with leathery shell
•Poikilotermic (body temperature changes with
surrounding temperature)
•Carry out internal fertilization (eggs are fertilized
inside the female body)
 Kingfisher
Hornbill
1.Common characteristics of birds
•Body covered with feathers
•Have wings and beak
•Breathe with lungs
• Homeothermic (body temperature remains constant)
•Lay eggs with hard shells
•Carry out internal fertilization (eggs are fertilized inside
the female body)
 Camel Orangutan

Tiger

Rhinoceros Elephant
1. Common characteristics of mammals

• Body covered with hair or fur

• Breathe with lungs
• Homeothermic (body temperature remains constant)
• Give birth to live young
• Carry out internal fertilization (eggs are fertilized inside
the female body)
• Young mammals feed on milk from their mother’s
mammary glands
 Plants

Flowering Plants Non-flowering Plants

Examples Examples
 Plants

Produce flowers Do not produce flowers

Single blade Leaves divided

leaves Into leaflets Needle-like Leaves divided
leaves into leaflets

Leave with Leaves

with parallel
veinsnetwork-like
veins Leaves with
Leaves with
parallel veins network-like
veins
 Non-flowering plants
• Further divided to conifers, ferns, mosses, and algae
• Conifers

 Reproduce by seeds produced in cones

 Have needle-like leaves
 Example: casuarinas, pine
• Ferns
 Reproduced by spores on the underside of leaves
 Example: Bird’s nest fern, stag’s horn fern
• Mosses
 Reproduce by spores produced in capsules
 Example: White moss
• Algae
 Very simple plants
 No proper roots, stems, leaves
 Example: Seaweed
 Flowering
plants
•Produce flower for reproduction
•Flower  fruits and seeds  new plants
•Based on the seeds they produce, flowering plants can be further
divided into 2 groups

Flowering plants

Monocotyledons Dicotyledons

Have seeds with one cotyledon Have seeds with two cotyledon
Monocotyledon Dicotyledon
• Each seed has only one cotyledon

One cotyledon

A maize grain cut into half

• Their leaves have parallel veins

Parallel
veins

Maize

Fibrous roots

• They have fibrous roots

•Mostly are herbaceous plant (plants with non-woody
stems)
•Examples: Grasses, sugar cane, banana, paddy, and
orchid plants
• Each seed has two cotyledons

Two cotyledons

A green bean (split into two)

• Their leaves have network-like veins

Network-like
Balsam plant veins

Tap root

• They have fibrous tap roots

•They may be trees, shrubs or herbaceous
•Examples: Rubber and durian trees, hibiscus, morning glory
and sunflower plants
 Dichotomous Key

Method to identify and classify organisms systematically based

on similarities and differences.

Constructed of a series of couplets.

Each couplet consist of two statement describing

characteristics of a particular organisms or group of organisms
Mirza Abd Salam Kwok Vinoshan

1. a. Malay……………………….2
 b.Non-malay……………….3

 2. a. Fat ………………………Mirza
 b. Thin……………………..Abd Salam

 3. a. Chinese…………………Kwok
 b. Indian……………………Vinoshan
Frog
Coconut tree
1. a. type of plant…….Coconut tree
 b. Type of animal…..frog
Snake crocodile Orang utan tiger
1 a. Mammals…………………………..2
 b. Reptiles…………………………… 3

2 a.Has tail……………………………….Tiger
 b. Has no tail………………………Orang utan

3. a. Has leg………………………..crocodile

 b. Has no leg……...............snake
 ALICE
ALBERT

PUTERI
AMAR
Tiger Dolphin
Monkey Whale
 1. a. Live on land…………………………………2
 b. Live in water………………………………3

 2 a. With strip……………………………………..tiger


 KOKO KAKA MIKA MIKU
MIKI
 1 a. Has black fur……………………………………………………………Kaka
 b. Has mix colour………………………………………………………….2

 2. a. Fatty cat …………………………………………………………………….3

 b. Thin cat……………………………………………………………………….4

 3. a. Fluffy fur…………………………………………………………Mika
 b. not fluffy fur…………………………………………………..Miku

 4. a. shorter…………………………………………………………Miki
 b. taller…….……………………………………………………koko