INTRODUCTION (Properties of Fluids)

Lecture – 1

"Dear students the deadline of fee/pending dues submission for Spring

2021 Semester is 31-March-2021 therefore you are requested to please
clear/pay all of your pending dues before the mentioned deadline".
Tarbela Dam
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vbUZEhsgY2w
Seawall
Cofferdam
Canal
Guddu Barrage on the River Indus
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZJNtOf-Kw-w
Batkhela Headworks on River Swat
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HToWFTJ9Epw
Overhead Water Tanks
Attock Bridge Piers
Burj Khalifa
Irrigation Pumping Station
Water Flow in Irrigation Canal
 Fluid Mechanics (CE-221)
 Course Instructor
Engr. Daanyal Umar
Lecturer, Civil Engineering Department,
CECOS University of IT & ES, Peshawar.

danyalomar@cecos.edu.pk
03429872760
(Open Door Policy)
 Recommended Books
Text Book:
 Fluid Mechanics With Engineering Applications (10th Edition)
by E. John Finnemore & Joseph B. Franzini

Reference Books:
 A textbook of Hydraulics, Fluid Mechanics and Hydraulic Machines
(19th Edition)
by R.S. Khurmi
 Applied Fluid Mechanics (6th Edition)
by Robert L. Mott
 Fluid Mechanics
by A.K Jain
 Points for Consideration

Be honest.
Be attentive.
Do not hesitate to ask questions.
Make notes of what is being taught in the class.
Must read the text book thoroughly.
Always bring calculator in the class.
Try to come to the class on time.
 Marks Distribution
 Sessionals - 25%
 Assignments – 10%
 Quizzes – 10 %
 Class Project/ Presentation – 5%

 Mid Term - 25%

 Final Exam - 50%

 What is MECHANICS?
 Mechanics deals with both stationary and moving
bodies under the influence of forces.

 The branch of mechanics that deals with bodies at

rest is called statics, while the branch that deals
with bodies in motion is called dynamics.
What is FLUID MECHANICS?
 The subcategory fluid mechanics is defined as the
science that deals with the behavior of fluids at rest
(fluid statics) or in motion (fluid dynamics), and the
interaction of fluids with solids or other fluids at
the boundaries.

 Fluid mechanics is also referred to as fluid

dynamics by considering fluids at rest as a special
case of motion with zero velocity.
 What is a Fluid?
 You will recall from physics that a substance exists in
three primary phases: solid, liquid, and gas.

 A substance in the liquid or gas phase is referred to as a

fluid.

 Distinction between a solid and a fluid is made on the

basis of the substance’s ability to resist an applied shear
(or tangential) stress that tends to change its shape.
 Fluid
 A solid can resist an applied shear stress by
deforming, whereas

 A fluid is defined as:

“A substance that continually deforms (flows) under
an applied shear stress regardless of the magnitude
of the applied stress”.

 In solids, stress is proportional to strain, but in

fluids, stress is proportional to strain rate.
 Fluid
 Shear stress

 In a fluid at rest, the normal stress is called pressure.

 A fluid at rest is at a state of zero shear stress. When the
walls are removed or a liquid container is tilted, a shear
develops as the liquid moves.
 Fluid Vs Solid Mechanics
 Fluid mechanics:
“The study of the physics of materials which take the shape of
their container.” Or
“Branch of Engg. science that studies fluids and forces on
them.”
 Solid Mechanics:
“The study of the physics of materials with a defined rest
shape.”
 Fluid Mechanics can be further subdivided into fluid statics, the
study of fluids at rest, kinematics, the study of fluids in motion and
fluid dynamics, the study of effect of forces on fluid motion.
 In the modern discipline called Computational Fluid Dynamics
(CFD), computational approach is used to develop solutions to fluid
mechanics problems.
 Distinction between a Solid and a Fluid
Solid
Definite Shape and definite volume.
Does not flow easily.
Molecules are closer.
Attractive forces between the
molecules are large enough to retain
its shape.
An ideal Elastic Solid deform under
load and comes back to original
position upon removal of load.
Plastic Solid does not comes back to
original position upon removal of
load, means permanent deformation
takes place.
Fluid
Indefinite Shape and Indefinite
volume & it assumes the shape of
the container which it occupies.
Flow Easily.
Molecules are far apart.
Attractive forces between the
molecules are smaller.
Intermolecular cohesive forces in a
fluid are not great enough to hold
the various elements of fluid
together. Hence Fluid will flow
under the action of applied stress.
The flow will be continuous as
long as stress is applied.
 Distinction between a Gas and Liquid
 The molecules of a gas are
much farther apart than
those of a liquid.
 Hence a gas is very
compressible, and when
all external pressure is
removed, it tends to
expand indefinitely.
 A gas is therefore in
equilibrium only when it is
completely enclosed.
 A liquid is relatively
incompressible.
 If all pressure, except that
of its own vapor pressure,
is removed, the cohesion
between molecules holds
them together, so that the
liquid does not expand
indefinitely.
 Therefore a liquid may
have a free surface.
 Distinction between a Gas and Liquid

The arrangement of atoms in different phases: (a) molecules are at relatively fixed positions in a
solid, (b) groups of molecules move about each other in the liquid phase, and (c) individual
molecules move about at random in the gas phase.
SI Units
FPS Units
HISTORY
 Important Terms
 Density (r): Dimensions:

  m
Mass per unit volume of a substance. 
 kg/m3 in SI units V
 Slug/ft3 in FPS system of units
 Typical values for water, 1000 , 1.94 .

w
 Specific weight (g): Dimensions: 
Weight per unit volume of substance. V
 N/m3 in SI units
 lbs/ft3 in FPS units
 Typical values for water, 9.81 x or 9.81 kN , 62. 4 .

 Density and Specific Weight of a fluid are related as:

  g
 Where g is the gravitational constant having value 9.8m/s 2 or 32.2 ft/s2.
 Important Terms

 Specific
  Volume (v):
Volume occupied by unit mass of fluid.

 It is commonly applied to gases, and is usually expressed in

cubic feet per slug (m3/kg in SI units).
 Specific volume is the reciprocal of density.

SpecificVo lume  v  1 / 
 Important Terms

   Specific gravity: Dimensions: =1
It can be defined in either of two ways:
a. Specific gravity is the ratio of the density of a substance
to the density of water at 4°C.
b. Specific gravity is the ratio of the specific weight of a
substance to the specific weight of water at 4°C.

l l
s liquid  
 w w
 What does this mean?

Specific gravity of mercury at 20 degree Celsius is 13.55

It is clear that density, specific weight, and specific

gravity are all interrelated, and from a knowledge
of any one of the three the others can be calculated.
Important for problems
 Example-1
The specific wt. of water at ordinary temperature and
pressure is 62.4lb/ft3. The specific gravity of mercury is
13.56. Compute density of water, Specific wt. of mercury,
and density of mercury.
Solution:

1.  water   water / g  62.4/32.2  1.938 slugs/ft 3

2.  mercury  s mercury  water  13.56 x62.4  846lb / ft 3
3. mercury  s mercury  water  13.56 x1.938  26.3slugs / ft 3

(Where Slug = lb.sec2/ ft)

Solve on Board
Solve on Board
 Example-2
A certain gas weighs 16.0 N/m3 at a certain temperature and
pressure. What are the values of its density, specific volume,
and specific gravity relative to air weighing 12.0 N/m3
Solution:

1. Density ρ  γ /g
ρ  16/9.81  16.631
1.63 kg/m
3

2. Specific volume υ  1/ρ

u  1/1.631  0.613 m 3 /kg

3. Specific gravity s  γ f /γ air

s  16/12  1.333
Solve on Board
Solve on Board
 Example-3
The specific weight of glycerin is 78.6 lb/ft3. compute its density
and specific gravity. What is its specific weight in kN/m3
Solution:

1. Density    / g
  78.6/32.2  2.44 slugs/ft 3
2. Specific gravity s   l /  w
s  78.6/62.4  1.260
so   1.260x1000kg/m 3
  1260 Kg/m 3
3. Specific weight in kN/m 3
  xg
  9.81x1260  12.36 kN/m 3
Solve on Board
Solve on Board
Solve on Board
 Example-4
Calculate the specific weight, density, specific volume and
specific gravity of 1litre of petrol weights 7 N.
Solution:
Given Volume = 1 litre = 10-3 m3
Weight = 7 N
1. Specific weight,
w = Weight of Liquid/volume of Liquid
w = 7/ 10-3 = 7000 N/m3
2. Density, r = g /g
r = 7000/9.81 = 713.56 kg/m3
Solution (Cont.):
3. Specific Volume = 1/ r
= 1/713.56
=1.4x10-3 m3/kg
4. Specific Gravity = s =
Specific Weight of Liquid/Specific Weight of Water
= Density of Liquid/Density of Water
s = 713.56/1000 = 0.7136
Solve on Board
 Example-5
If the specific gravity of petrol is 0.70.Calculate its Density,
Specific Volume and Specific Weight.
Solution:

WHO WILL SOLVE THIS?

 Solution Example-5
If the specific gravity of petrol is 0.70.Calculate its Density,
Specific Volume and Specific Weight.
Solution:
Given
Specific gravity = s = 0.70
1. Density of Liquid, r = s x density of water
= 0.70x1000
= 700 kg/m3
2. Specific Volume = 1/ r
= 1/700
= 1.43 x 10-3
3. Specific Weight, = 700x9.81 = 6867 N/m3
 Viscosity
 When two solid bodies in contact move relative to each other, a
friction force develops at the contact surface in the direction opposite
to motion.

 For example, to move a table on the floor, we have to apply a force to

the table in the horizontal direction large enough to overcome the
friction force.

 The magnitude of the force needed to move the table depends on the
friction coefficient between the table legs and the floor.
 Viscosity
 The situation is similar when a fluid moves relative to a solid or when
two fluids move relative to each other.

 It appears that there is a property that represents the internal resistance

of a fluid to motion or the “fluidity,” and that property is the viscosity.

 Viscosity is a measure of the resistance of a fluid to deform under

shear stress. It is commonly perceived as the resistance to flow.

 Thus, water is "thin", having a lower viscosity, while vegetable oil is

"thick" having a higher viscosity.
 Viscosity
 All real fluids have some resistance to shear stress.

 Viscosity is also known as Absolute Viscosity or Dynamic Viscosity.

The force that is exerted on a body in the flow direction is called the
drag force, and the magnitude of this force depends, on viscosity.
Viscosity
 Dynamic Viscosity
 As a fluid moves, a shear stress is developed in it, the magnitude of
which depends on the viscosity of the fluid.

 Shear stress, denoted by the Greek letter (tau), τ, can be defined as the
force required to slide one unit area layer of a substance over another.

 Thus, τ is a force divided by an area and can be measured in the units

of N/m2 (Pa) or lb/ft2.
 Dynamic Viscosity
 NO SLIP CONDITION:
The experimental observation that the fluid “sticks” to the solid
boundaries is a very important one in fluid mechanics and is usually
referred to as the no-slip condition. All fluids, both liquids and gases,
satisfy this condition.

 To obtain a relation for viscosity, consider a fluid layer between two

very large parallel plates (or equivalently, two parallel plates
immersed in a large body of a fluid) separated by a distance (h)
 Dynamic Viscosity
 Now a constant parallel force F is applied to the upper plate while the
lower plate is held fixed.

 After the initial time, it is observed that the upper plate moves
continuously under the influence of this force at a constant speed V.
The fluid in contact with the upper plate sticks to the plate surface and
moves with it at the same speed. Where as the fluid at the bottom
would stick to the fixed surface.
 Dynamic Viscosity

 𝒅 𝜷 𝑼 ∗ 𝒅𝒕
=
𝒅𝒕 𝒉∗ 𝒅𝒕

 UBOTTOM = 0, UTOP = V and UINBETWEEN = 0 to V.

 dx = U * dt (S = v*t)…… (i)
 Angular Velocity :
Rate at which dβ is changing

Shear Strain Rate

 (From i)
Unit: 1/sec
 Dynamic Viscosity

 Now going further, we see that

by similarity of triangles

𝒅𝒖
 
𝒅𝒚
 

Velocity Gradient
Basically the slope of the line

Thus we conclude that the rate of deformation dβ/dt of a fluid element is equivalent to the
velocity gradient du/dy.
 Dynamic Viscosity

 We know what shear stress is right.

The connection between this shear stress and

the shear strain rate is an important one.
And that connection is
“NEWTONIAN FLUID”.
 Newtonian Fluid
 A Newtonian fluid; where stress is directly proportional to
rate of strain, and (named for Isaac Newton) is a fluid that
flows like water, its stress versus rate of strain curve is linear and
passes through the origin.

 The constant of proportionality is known as the viscosity.

du
  Newton’s Equation of Viscosity
dy
 Where m = Absolute Viscosity/Dynamic Viscosity or simply
Viscosity.
t =Shear Stress.
 Dynamic Viscosity
 The fact that the shear stress in the fluid is directly
proportional to the velocity gradient can be stated
mathematically as F U du
   
A Yh dy
 where the constant of proportionality m (the Greek letter miu)
is called the dynamic viscosity of the fluid. The term absolute
viscosity is sometimes used.
 Kinematic Viscosity
 The kinematic viscosity ν is defined as:
“Ratio of absolute viscosity to density.”

(nu)  

For non-Newtonian fluids, the relationship between shear stress and rate of
deformation is not linear, as shown in Fig. 2–26.

The slope of the curve on the ꞇ versus du/dy chart is referred to as the apparent
viscosity of the fluid.

Fluids for which the apparent viscosity increases with the rate of deformation (such
as solutions with suspended starch or sand) are referred to as dilatant or shear
thickening fluids.

Those that exhibit the opposite behavior (the fluid becoming less viscous as it is
sheared harder, such as some paints, polymer solutions, and fluids with suspended
particles) are referred to as pseudoplastic or shear thinning fluids.

Some materials such as toothpaste can resist a finite shear stress and thus behave as a
solid, but deform continuously when the shear stress exceeds the yield stress and
behave as a fluid. Such materials are referred to as Bingham plastics.
PROBLEMS ON VISCOCITY
IN THE NEXT LECTURE
THE END