RESEARCH

INSTRUMENTS
ACCOUNTING EDUCATION
Siti Tasriah 19080304005
Idha Rahma Iswianti 19080304009
Cindy Ayuna Putri 19080304033
.
 DEFINITION OF
RESEARCH INSTRUMENTS

Sukmadinata (2010)
The research instrument is a test that has the characteristics of
measuring informants with a number of questions and
statements in the study, which can be done by making an outline
between the research topic and the research objectives to be
carried out

Notoatmodjo (2010)
Research instruments are tools that will be used to collect data,
this research instrument can be in the form of questionnaires,
observation forms, other forms related to data recording and so
on.
So, we conclude that the research
So, we conclude
instrument thatorthe
is a tool mediaresearch
used
instrument is a tool
in data collection or will
that media be used
used
in
or data collection
analyzed in thethatnext
will research
be used
or
step.analyzed in the next research
step.
 Interview

Questionnaire
TYPES OF
TYPES OF
RESEARCH
RESEARCH Observation
INSTRUMENTS
INSTRUMENTS

Documentation

Test
INTERVIEW
 DEFINITION

Sutrisno Hadi (1989: 192) The interview is an excellent tool to find out a person's responses,
opinions, beliefs, feelings, motivations, and projections towards his future and has a large
enough ability to dig into a person's past and the secrets of his life.

Lexy J Moleong (1991: 135) an interview is a conversation with a specific purpose where the
interviewer and the respondent come face to face to get information verbally with the aim of
obtaining data that can explain the research problem.
 Interviewing is the process of
Interviewing
obtaining is the process
information of
and data
obtaining
used information
for research andand
purposes datais
Structured Untructured
used forout
carried research purposes
by directly and
asking andis
Structured
Interviews Interviews
carried
answeringout questions
by directlybetween
asking and
the
Interviews
answering
interviewer questions between the
and the respondent
interviewer
while and the
still referring to respondent
the interview
while still referring
guide.to the interview
guide.
 A structured interview
is a type of interview
in which the
interviewer prepares a
pre-made question
STRUCTURED format and is usually
a closed question, so
that the data collected
INTERVIEWS later is the type of
quantitative data.

Structured interviews are usually

used when there are many
respondents so the process is
more efficient. This interview is
usually used in descriptive
research.
 E D An unstructured interview is an independent
interview where the researcher does not use an

U R interview guide that has been structured

C T S
systematically and completely for data
collection.
RU W The guidelines used are only an outline of the

S T I E problem and the questions are open-ended

N RV questions.
U TE So that the data obtained is in the form of

IN
qualitative data and is more suitable for use with
small respondents
• Able to detect the level of understanding of the subject to the questions asked
• Flexible
• Can get in-depth information about a problem
• Researchers can obtain the desired information quickly and accurately
• The information obtained will be more reliable.
• Does not require special equipment for interviews.
• Poorly structured questions can make the results of the interview biased and inaccurate
• It is possible that the subject only gave the answer that the interviewer was looking for.
• Requires more time, effort, and cost than other methods.
• Has dependence on the individual to be interviewed.
• The circumstances of the interview can be easily influenced by the surrounding environment.
• Requires mastery of good language skills from the interviewer
QUESTIONNAIRE
Definition
Questionnaire instruments are used in quantitative research

A list of questions The research problem

Given to the respondent to

obtain information
 The questionnaire is seen from how
to answer

The type of questionnaire is seen

Types of Questionnaire from the answers given
Types of Questionnaire

The type of questionnaire is seen

from its shape
a. Open Questionnaire
Researchers have not been able
to predict possible alternative
answers to the respondents.

b. Closed Questionnaire
Researchers or questionnaire
compilers limit the choice of
answers that will be given by
respondents.
 The type of questionnaire
The type of questionnaire
is seen from the answers given
is seen from the answers given

a. Direct Questionnaire
A questionnaire that is filled directly by the person
who will be asked for answers about himself or one
that is filled directly by the object of research.

b. Indirect Questionnaire
Each respondent will be asked to express his opinion
for the other party.
 a. Multiple choice questionnaire
Respondents choose the answers that have
been provided.

b. Filled Questionnaire
Respondents are given the opportunity to
answer in their own sentences.
The type questionnaire is
The type
seenquestionnaire
from its shapeis
seen from its shape
c. Check List
A questionnaire in which the respondent
only gives a check or check mark (√) in the
appropriate column.

d. Rating Scale
The respondent's answer which is equipped
with a tiered statement.
 Preparation
Questionnaire preparation
requirements
of
• Written questions should be clear and simple
The Questionnaire
as possible
• Avoid words or questions with multiple
meanings or with unclear meanings.
• The question ensures that the respondent can
easily express the answer.
• Each question presents only one thought.
  Make a brief introduction first before the
questionnaire questions are compiled.
The composition  Make clear and concise instructions for filling
out the questionnaire.
of  Avoid terms that can cause
misunderstanding.
the questionnaire  Formulate in short, clear, and simple
questions sentences.
 Should each question contain only one
question to be asked.
 If there are words that require emphasis, then
it should be marked, such as by bolding the
word or sentence
The advantages of the questionnaire
instrument
The advantages of the questionnaire
instrument
 Questionnaires can be used to
collect data from a large number of
respondents or data sources.
 The data collected through a
questionnaire will be easy to
analyze.
 Respondents will have the freedom
to answer each question according
to their beliefs.
 Respondents will not be in a rush to
answer every question, filling out the
questionnaire is not too time-bound.
Weaknesses of the questionnaire
instrument
Weaknesses of the questionnaire
instrument
 It is not guaranteed that the respondent
will give the right answer according to
their belief.
 The questionnaire may only be used by
respondents who can read and write.
 The questionnaire can only explore a
limited number of problems.
 Sometimes there are respondents who
are not willing to fill out the questionnaire
due to busyness
OBSERVATION
 Definition
A method of data collection carried
out by observing the object of
research directly aims to obtain
accurate results. This instruments
are used in qualitative research.
Observation Technique
1. Participant Observation
Carried out by the researcher being present in the midst of
the informants and carrying out various activities together
while recording the required information.

2. Non-Participant Observation
Carried out without the presence of the researcher.
Observations were made from a distance or between
researchers and informants from different places.
 Observation can ease the burden on
research subjects.
 Data obtained by observations will
be more accurate and objective.
 Observation can be used to check
the correctness of data obtained
with other instruments.
 Requires a long period of time to get
observations of an event.
 There are many things, symptoms,
levels of behavior, or phenomena
that cannot be revealed through
observation.
TEST
 DEFINITION

The test is a data collection

The test is a data
instrument collection
consisting of
instrument
questions, consisting
worksheets, of the
and
questions, worksheets,
like to measure andofthe
the level
like to measure
knowledge, skills,the level and
talents of
knowledge, skills, talents
abilities of research and
subjects.
abilities of research subjects.
Test Instrument Sheet

items that represent the

measured variable

knowledge, attitudes, and

skills
Types of Tests According to the Target and
Objects Researched
Intelegence Test

Aptitude Test

Personality Test

Achievement Test
Attitude Test Measure Test
DOCUMENTATION
 DOCUMENTATION ASSESSMENT
INSTRUMENTS
DEFINIITON Collection of data used for search historically.
DEFINIITON Documentation technique is a way to collect
data through archives, including books on
opinions, theories, and laws related to research
problems.
 Document Collection

From
opinions, theories, and laws relating to opinions, theories, and laws relating to
research problems research problems

Researcher's theoretical sensitivity to

interpret each document
Documentation Guidelines Check List
The researcher wrote a check mark in The researcher gave a tally on every
the box of the symptoms found symptom that appeared
 DOCUMENTATION DATA COLLECTION ADVANTAGE

The data collection instrument with the

documentation technique has the advantage of being
efficient in terms of time, effort and cost

DOCUMENTATION DATA COLLECTION WEAKNESS

ADVANTAGE The method of collecting data by means of
& documentation has a low level of validity and
reliability. The accuracy of the data in the
WEAKNESS documentation collection method is still in doubt.
Thank You !
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