RESEARCH

METHODOLOGY
 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
CONTROVERSIAL TOPICS
Chapter 3 of research
a systematic and logical plan that
explains how a researcher intends to
carry out a research
 PARTS OF CHAPTER 3 IN RESEARCH

1. Research Design
2. Research Participants and
Sampling Method
3. Data Collection Methods
4. Data Analysis Procedures
5. Ethical Considerations*
 PARTS OF CHAPTER 3 IN RESEARCH

1. Research Design
2. Research Participants and
Sampling Method
3. Data Collection Methods
4. Data Analysis Procedures
5. Ethical Considerations*
 What is common
among these objects?
DATA COLLECTION
process of gathering, measuring,
CONTROVERSIAL TOPICS and
analyzing data to find answers to
research questions

RESEARCH INSTRUMENTS
tools used in research to gather data in research
RESEARCH INSTRUMENT
Four commonly usedTOPICS
CONTROVERSIAL instruments
in research;
(1) Observation
(2) Interview
(3) Survey Questionnaires
(4) Test
 OBSERVATION

a gathering data technique where researchers

personally watch, interact, or communicate with
research participants

record what people exactly do and say in their

everyday life
 TYPES OF OBSERVATION
PARTICIPANT NON-PARTICIPATION/
OBSERVATION STRUCTURED OBSERVATION

researcher takes part in the activities just watch and listen the participants
of individual or group being observed; do their own thing, without
actual involvement participating in the activities

diary or logbook checklist

1) Descriptive Observation – describes observation schedule
the people, places, events,
conversation
2) Narrative Account – interpretation or
reflection about what you observed
 METHODS OF OBSERVATION
DIRECT OBSERVATION
see or listen to everything that
happens in the area of observation
stick with research
questions!
INDIRECT OBSERVATION
observe traces of past events to get
information or a measure of behavior,
trait, or quality of your subject
tape recordings, pictures,
letters, minutes of
meetings, etc.
 OBSERVATION
ADVANTAGES
✓ simple data collection
method
✓ dependent on watching and
listening to participants
✓ fresh and firsthand
knowledge
✓ researcher is part of entity
DISADVANTAGES
requires long time of
planning
involves in participating in
the subject’s activities
prone to hearing derogatpry
statements
leads to a biased stand
 INTERVIEW

verbally ask respondents questions to

give answers to your research
 TYPES OF INTERVIEW
STRUCTURED UNSTRUCTURED
INTERVIEW INTERVIEW
use of an interview schedule or list of respondents answer the questions based
questions answerable with one and only on what they personally think and feel
item from a set of alternative response about it

prepare a schedule or list of questions, and

SEMI-STRUCTURED sets of choices
INTERVIEW then explain the reasons behind their choices
 APPROACHES TO INTERVIEW
INDIVIDUAL GROUP
INTERVIEW INTERVIEW

only one is interviewed ask questions to a group of

people at the same time

MEDIATED through electronic communication

INTERVIEW devices (phones, email, etc.)
 Pondering
Getting to Having an Idea Conducting Putting an
Starting the Over
Know Each of the the Interview End to the
Interview Interview
Other Research Proper Interview
Afterthoughts

STEPS IN CONDUCTING OF INTERVIEW

 SURVEY

a gathering data technique where researchers

have a list of questions in a paper and
respondents will write their answers

usually involves questionnaires

sample questionnaire
 Likert Scale
scale used to measure
opinions, attitudes,
behavior
 TYPES OF QUESTIONNAIRE
POSTAL SELF-ADMINISTERED
QUESTIONNAIRE QUESTIONNAIRE

goes to respondent through postal ask questions either in person or

service or electronic mail; then through phone, then write
accomplished questionnaire will be interviewee's answers on a piece of
sent back paper
 TYPES OF QUESTIONNAIRE
OPEN-ENDED CLOSE-ENDED
QUESTIONNAIRE QUESTIONNAIRE

allows respondents to answer in an limited and narrow to given options

open-text format; not limited to a set
of opinion
Close-Ended Questionnaire
 QUESTIONNAIRE
ADVANTAGES
✓ cheap
✓ easy distribution to
respondents
✓ more opportunities to
ponder on answers
✓ easy comparison of answers
✓ can have genuine answers
DISADVANTAGES
prevents getting desired
rate of response
confusing and uninteresting
hard to obtain unbiased
results
prevents from being with
respondents physically
 TEST
structured assessment that measures an
individual's knowledge or skills in a specific area

involves answering multiple choice, true/false.

short-answer questions; also used in
experimental types of research

commonly used in quantitative research

ETHICS IN
RESEARCH
ETHICAL CONSIDERATIONS IN RESEARCH
set of CONTROVERSIAL
principles thatTOPICS
guide your
research designs and practices
(Bhandari, 2021)

these make sure that participation in

studies is voluntary, informed, and
safe for research subject
HOW ARE STUDIES APPROVED BEFORE
CONDUCTING?
CONTROVERSIAL TOPICS

research proposals are submitted to

Institutional Review Board (IRB)
if approved, data collection can begin
if rejected, resubmit the research proposal with
changes/modifications
 Ethical Issue Definition
• participants are free to choose to go or back out of the
Voluntary Participation
study at any point in time
• participants should know first the purpose, benefits,
Informed Consent risks, and funding behind the study before they agree or
decline to join.
• should NOT know the identities of the participants
Anonymity • personally identifiable data is not collected (like Names
are optional)
• you know who the participants are, but you keep that
information hidden from everyone else
Confidentiality
• you anonymize personally identifiable data so that it
can’t be linked to other data by anyone else.
• physical, social, psychological and all other types of
Potential for Harm
harm are kept to an absolute minimum
• ensure your work is free of plagiarism or research
Results Communication
misconduct, and you accurately represent your results.
 INDIVIDUAL WORK
ACTIVITY 1 (WW): Classify the following as QUALITATIVE or
QUANTITATIVE data. Write A if it is a qualitative data, and B if
quantitative data.

_______ 1. Nationality _______ 6. Weights of Grade 10 Students

_______ 2. Ice Cream Flavor _______ 7. Number of Computers
_______ 3. Address _______ 8. Eye Color
_______ 4. Age of Students _______ 9. Birth Rate
_______ 5. Civil Status _______ 10. Gender
 INDIVIDUAL WORK
ACTIVITY 2 (WW): Identify what research instrument (observation,
interview, survey, test) is being described in the following
statements.
_______ 1. Used mainly in experiments
_______ 2. Allows researchers to personally watch and interact with
the participants
_______ 3. Involves the use of questionnaires
_______ 4. Typically uses Likert scale
_______ 5. Verbally asks the participants questions to be answered
 INDIVIDUAL WORK
ACTIVITY 3 (WW): Write the word CORRECT if the statement is a good practice in
data collection, and WRONG if not.
_______ 1. Marthina’s study is about sanitary practices in restaurants. In her
questionnaire, she asks the love life of her participants.
_______ 2. Ramoncito used the data in his interview to blackmail one of his
participants.
_______ 3. Johnny thanked the respondents in his survey and offered them copies of
his completed research months afterwards.
_______ 4. Mashel listed the full name and address of his participants despite his initial
confidentiality agreement.
_______ 5. Lawshie conducted a structured interview and he made sure to prepare the
list of phenomena he wanted to observe weeks before the actual implementation of
his study.
Reference
Baraceros, E.L. (2016). Practical Research 1. Rex Book Store.