QUALITATIVE RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

DATA AND DATA COLLECTION METHODS

Presented by:
Rizky Amelia 140221807915
Yuni Wahyuningsih 140221807458
 OUTLINE:
• DATA
• DATA COLLECTION METHODS
• 1. INTERVIEWS
• 2. INTROSPECTIVE METHOD
– Think-aloud
– Retrospective
– Diary studies
• 3. Questionnaires
• 4. OBSERVATIONS
• 5. Documents
• 6. Production task
 DATA
• Data refers to the rough materials
researchers collect from the world
they are studying.

Data is both the evidence and the

clues.
1. INTERVIEWS:
An interview is a purposeful interaction in
which one person obtains information from
another.
Advantages and disadvantages
INTERVIEWS

Structured Unstructured Semi-structured

1. Structured Interview
It is a formal interview in which
researchers has specified a set of
planned questions that elicits the
same questions from the interviewees.

2. Unstructured Interview
It is an informal interview that allows
researchers to obtain more complex
or personal information.
3. Semi-structured Interview

• The interview in which the

interviewer has general idea or
framework, but does not enter the
interview with a list of predetermined
questions.
Guidelines for interviewing
• Listen more, talk less.
• Do not interrupt.
• Avoid leading questions.
• Keep participants focused and ask for concrete
details.
• Follow up on what they say.
• Do not be judgmental about their views.
• Do not debate with them over their responses.
Focus group Interview
• Focus group interview includes several
individuals who can contribute to interviewer
understanding of the research problem.

E-mail interview
E-mail interview can be used effectively by
qualitative researchers.
Collecting the Data in Interviews:

• Taking notes during the interview

• Writing notes after the interview

• Audio- or videotaping the interview

 Introspective Method
It is a method for studying thought process.

Verbal reports: Diary studies:

Oral records of thought Recorder on a first-person diary

Think-aloud: Restrospective:
While the process After the process
Introspective method
• It is a method for studying thought processes, designed
to help researchers to derive insights into the mental
process underlying observable behavior.

• cognitive psychology
• Verbal reports is the oral record of thoughts.

• think aloud  the learners are asked to

verbalize their thought processes while they are
involved in processing language.
• reading a text or writing an essay.

• Restrospective  the learners to verbalize their

thought processes immediately after they
process the language.
• listening and speaking task.
Example of verbal reports:
• SESILIA: At times I had the curious feeling
that he was trying to make up his mind
about me, asking himself if I were friend or
foe. (0.1) Foe. Lawan katanya friend
mungkin, (0.5). Foe, foe, foe, foe, foe, foe.
(0.2) Ya, he eh, (musuh).
The general strategies used by Block in verbal reports:

1. Anticipate content
“I guess the story will be about how you go about talking to
babies”
2. Recognize text structure
“This is an example of what baby talk is”.
3. Integrate information
“Oh, this connects with the sentence just before”.
4. Question information in the text
“Why is (baby talk among adults) usually limited to lovers?”
5. Interpret the text
“I think that’s why some people doing this”.
6. Use general knowledge and associations
“That’s true. It’s not easy to hold baby’s attention”.
7. Comment on behavior or process
“I’m getting this feeling. I always get when I read like I lost
a word”.
8. Monitor comprehension
“Now I see what it means. It doen’t seem like what I am
thinking of”.
9. Correct behavior
“Now I read this part I understood.”
10. React to the text
“I love little babies”.
 Sample of studies on verbal reports:
1. Feldman and Stemmer (1987)
Think aloud and retrospective interview
Describe specific problem-solving behavior on the basis
on strategies.
2. Kusumarasdyati
Verbal reports
Investigate the vocabulary strategies
3. Buck (1990)
Think-aloud
Examine the types of knowledge skills and abilities
influenced item performance on EFL listening tasks .
4. Cohen and Olshtain (1993)
Verbal reports
Examine role play in order to see what strategies used in
 Strengths and weaknesses
• 1. invaluable data • 1. silence

• 2. enabled inner • 2. ambiguous

thoughts statement

• 3. easier to observe the • 3. ability degree

patterns
Diary studies

• It is an account of a second language experience

as recorder in a first-person diary.
 Strengths and weaknesses
• Provide information and • involve a small number
perspectives
• Based on subjective data
• allow researchers to see
factors identified by • it is questioned how one
teachers and learners can analyze all of the
processes involved in
• more accessible their own language
learning and teaching
• data triangulation experiences.
3. Questionnaires
• It is a written collection of self-report questions to
be answered by selected group of research
participants.

Guidelines for developing and presenting

questionnaires:
1. avoid a sloppy presentation.
2. carefully proofread.
3. avoid a lengthy questionnaire.
4. do not ask unnecessary questions.
5. be clear.
6. an “other comments” section.
7. Put their names or not.
Several advantages of questionnaires:
• The knowledge needed is controlled by the questions.
• It can be used on a small scale, in-house, and on a large
scale.
• Data can be gathered in several different time slots.
• Self-completion questionnaires allow access to outside
contexts.
Types of questionnaires:

Closed ended: the range of possible responses is

determined by the researcher

Open ended the subject can decide what to say

and how to say it

Mixture of closed and open ended.

Closed ended
Open ended
Mixture of Closed and Open ended
• Question wording

Example:
Would you prefer a short, non-award course with part-day
release and one evening per week attendance with
financial reimbursement for travel or longer, non-award
course with full-day release, or the whole course designed
on part-time release without evening attendance?
• Pre-test the Questionnaire

• With a small number of interviews

• can reveal unanticipated problems
• can help us see if the interviewees understand our
questions and give useful answers.
 4. OBSERVATIONS
What is Observing?
• Gathering data from natural situation
• Obtaining data by watching participant
What is the purpose of observing?

Understanding the natural environment

as live by participant.
What is Observation’s Characteristics?

• Non interventionist
What is Observing’s Type?
1. Participant Observation
2. Nonparticipant Observation
3. Recording Observations/ Fieldnotes
What is Participant Observation?

The observer becomes a part of and a participant in

the situation being observed.

The researcher participates in the situation while

observing and collecting the data.
Participant Observation
Advantage
• It allows the researcher to
gain insights and develop
relationships with participants
that would not be possible if
the researcher observed but
did not participate.
Disadvantage
• The researcher may lose
objectivity and become
emotionally involved with
participants, For instance, or
may have difficulty
participating and collecting
data at the same time.
Nonparticipant Observation
The observer does not directly involve in the situation
being observed.

The researcher observes and records behavior but does

not interact or participate in the life of the setting
understudy.
Nonparticipant Observation
Advantage
Nonparticipant observers are
less intrusive and less likely to
become emotionally involved
with participants
Disadvantage
Nonparticipant observers may
have more difficulty obtaining
reliable information about
participants’ opinions,
attitudes, and emotional states
than participant observer do
What is Recording Observation/Fieldnotes?
A method to document your observation.
Qualitative research material gathered, recorded, and
compiled during the course of study.
What is Field Notes?
• Qualitative research material gathered, recorded, and
compiled (usually on site) during the course of the
study
• It describes, as accurately and as comprehensively as
possible
• It should be as extensive, clear, and detailed as
possible.
Files notes’ type
Descriptive Information Reflective Information
1. Descriptive information 2. observer thought or
comment
What is Document?
• Materials such as photographs, videos, films, memos,
letters, diaries, clinical case records, and memorabilia
of all sorts
Document’s type according to Bogdan (1998: 134)
1. Personal Document (Intimate Diaries, Personal Letter,
Autobiography)
2. Official Documents (Internal Document, External
Communication, Student Record and Personal Files)
3. Popular Culture Documents (video, educational
feature films, rock and roll, magazine, television,
romance novels, and advertisement)
Production Task
• Task produce by participant
• For example, the Interview Test of English
as a Second Language (ITSEL) to know
twenty target grammatical items.
• Item 6: Test probe for personal pronouns
• Stimulus pictures:
Picture 1: Illustrate of man working in garden
Picture 2: Illustration of woman working in garden
Picture 3: Illustration of man and woman working in garden

• Instructions to tester:
• DO SAY
• Point to picture of man working and say: Look at him
• (emphasise “he’s”) he’s working
• Point to picture of woman working and say: And her?
• Point to picture of man and woman working:
• Indicate both people and say: and them?
• Scoring criteria:
• 0 neither she nor they is used as required
• 1 one of she or they is used
• 2 both she or they are used as required
• DO SAY
• Point to picture of man working and say: Look at him
• (emphasise “he’s”) he’s working
• Point to picture of woman working and say: And her?
• Point to picture of man and woman working:
• Indicate both people and say: and them?
• Scoring criteria:
• 0 neither she nor they is used as required
• 1 one of she or they is used
• 2 both she or they are used as required
• TABLE 7.1 HYPOTHESISED ORDER OF ACQUISITION ACCORDING
TO THE INTERVIEW TEST OF ENGLISH FOR MIGRANTS
• Grammatical item Rank
• Nouns 1
• Verb 2
• Adjectives 3
• Verb be 4
• Possessive pronouns 5
• Personal pronouns 6
• Adverb of time 7
• Request 8
• Simple present 9
• Futures 10
• Wh- questions 11
• Present continuous 12
• Directions 13
• Possessive adjective 14
• Comparatives 15
• Offers 16
• Simple future 17
• Simple past 18
• Infinitives/ gerunds 19
• 1st conditional 20
 Advice on how to keep the data:

• well-organized;
• Develop a plan;
• Back up the files;
• chronologically;
• Inquire about a software program
References:
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