English for Academic and

Professional Purposes
QUARTER 2 – MODULE 5 & 6

Module 5: Preparing and Implementing Research

Instruments

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Subject: English for Academic and Professional
Purposes
Grade Level: 12
Quarter: 2
Week: 5
MELC: Designs, tests and revises survey questionnaires, Conducts
surveys, experiments or observations and Gathers information from
surveys, experiments, or observation (CS_EN11/12A-EAPP- IIe-j-7-9).

At the end of this module, you are expected to achieve the following
objectives:
 Design, test and revise research instruments
 Conduct survey needed for the Survey Report
 Gather data through survey

A. Readings/Discussion (Key Points)

Vocabulary List:

Survey – is an instrument which contains planned questions to

measure attitudes, perceptions, and opinions.
Interview – is an instrument that allows the researcher to
qualitatively
gather data.
Questionnaire – a research tool composed of written questions
aimed
to get specific information.
Observation – an instrument which allows the description of
behavior
in a naturalistic or laboratory setting.
Experiment – a procedure undertaken scientifically and
systematically
to make a discovery and/or test a hypothesis.
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A. Learning Concepts

Preparing Research Instruments

A research instrument is a tool used to gather data on a
specific topic of interest. When conducting a research, you need to
prepare and implement the appropriate instrument to gather the
data you need.

When preparing an instrument, you must ensure that it is valid

and reliable. An instrument is valid when it directly answers or
addresses your research questions. It is reliable when it provides you
consistent and stable data over a period of time.

General Guidelines in Preparing a Research Instrument

1. Do a preliminary research by visiting your library or checking
reputable online sources.
2. Talk to a person who is knowledgeable in preparing research
instrument.
3. Master the guidelines in preparing and administering each
type of instrument.
4. Clarify your research questions. Be sure that your
instruments will directly address your specific research
questions.
5. Based on the data you need, decide on the number of
people whom you want as respondents or participants.
6. Prepare the research instrument using the appropriate
format.
7. Edit your instrument.
8. Pilot your instrument to further improve its quality. After
receiving the feedback from your pilot, make necessary
revisions.
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Types of Research Instrument
There are different types of instrument that you can use
depending on the type of research and amount of data you need.
The following are the most common instruments used in conducting
a research.

Survey
 A survey contained planned questions which are used to measure
attitudes, perceptions, and opinions.
 It contains responses directly related to each specific research
questions. It can either be in the form of and interview or a
questionnaire.

Types of Survey Questions:

1. Recall type question asks for specific information such as
years of service, age and address.
2. Recognition type question asks for a response to a specific
question where options are given such as in the case of
multiple choice, dichotomous (yes/no), and rating scale
format.
3. Open-ended type questions elicit brief explanations or
impressions from the respondents.

Interview
An interview is an instrument that allows the researcher to
qualitatively gather data. Responses during an interview are usually
open – ended.

An interview consists of different stages:

 1. Pre-interview Stage – it is when an interview guide is
prepared and respondents are identified and contacted.
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2. Warm-up Stage – it is the initial part of the interview when
questions that will make respondents more at ease are
asked.
3. Main Interview Stage- it is when main questions directly
related to the research questions are asked.
4. Closing Stage – it is when questions are asked to wind down
the interview and respondents are acknowledged and
thanked.

Guidelines when Conducting an Interview

1. Before the interview, arrange your questions logically to
make the flow of the interview smoother.
2. Begin by introducing yourself and the purpose for the
interview.
3. Tell the respondents that you will handle the information
with utmost confidentiality and care.
4. Have a warm-up stage to make the respondents more
comfortable. Questions such as “how was your day?” can be
asked for this purpose.
5. Adjust your language to that of the respondents’.
6. Make the length of the interview reasonable.
7. Record the interview because you may need to transcribe
the gathered data. However, make sure you inform or get
the approval of the interviewee.
8. Always thank the respondents for the time.

Questionnaire
Compared with the interview, a questionnaire is more quantifiable.
It lists written questions to get specific information. Responses in a
questionnaire are usually dichotomous and use in identification type
of test. In some cases, open-ended questions are incorporated in the
questionnaire.

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Parts of Questionnaire:
1. Personal Information Section- includes the name (optional),
age, date of birth, address, educational background and
other personal information about the respondents. Note
that only personal information relevant to the research
study should be asked.
2. Basic Question Section- serves two purposes:
2.1. to establish that the person you are asking is the
right person for the study.
2.2. to establish good rapport with the interview (which
is only applicable to interview).
3. Main Question Section- contains questions that are directly
related to your research. It is ideal to have multiple
questions for each specific research questions. The greater
the number, the greater the possibility of more conclusive
results.
4. Open-ended Questions Section- asks for a brief explanation
or response to an open-ended question.

Guidelines in Preparing a Questionnaire

1. Introduce the questionnaire through a cover letter. The cover
letter should explain the purpose and relevance of the study,
the length of time in completing the questionnaire, how the
date will be processed, your contact details, and expected date
and time in completing the questionnaire.
2. Keep the questionnaire as short as possible by focusing only the
essential questions.
3. Ensure confidentiality of information.
4. Pilot the questionnaire to ensure that you have not missed any
important questions.
5. Use a follow-up reminder.
6. Give respondents sufficient time to answer the questionnaire.
7. Make all directions and questions clear and unequivocal.
8. Ensure that your grammar is correct.
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9. Use questions that will elicit objective responses as much as
possible
10. Make the questionnaire as brief as possible without sacrificing
the content.
11. Arrange and categorize the questions logically (based on
research questions).
12. Relate all questions to your research topic and make sure the
responses drawn out are for your sufficient analysis.
13. In relation to the previous guideline, try to make as many
questions as possible without being redundant.
14. Avoid embarrassing and unnecessary questions.
15. Explain and illustrate difficult questions.
16. State all questions affirmatively.
17. Make the respondents anonymous, if necessary.
18. Avoid biased and leading questions.

Observation – allows the description of behavior in a

naturalistic or laboratory setting. Usually, this instrument is used
to cross-validate the results of other instruments.

An observation is most useful when the answers to research

questions require description of behavior and setting and when
respondents cannot literally answer interview questions and
questionnaire for some valid reasons such as inability to speak and
write (e.g. infants).

Types of Observation:
1. Participant and Non-Participant Observation
 A non-participant type of observation allows the researcher to
observe the subjects without interacting with them. Hence, the
subjects do not know that they are being observed. This type of
observation is usually employed by psychologists when observing
animals and children.
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 A participant observation type – on the other hand, allows the
researcher to interact with the subjects. In some cases,
researchers immerse themselves in a group or community for a
long period of time.

2. Structured and Unstructured Observation

 Structured observation occurs when the researcher has a list of
behaviors that he/she wants to observe.
 Unstructured Observation occurs when the researcher allows
behaviors to emerge. These behaviors are then documented
through an in-depth narrative account.

3. Covert and Overt Observation

*Covert observation – occurs when the subjects are not aware that
they are being observed.
* Overt Observation – occurs when the subjects are aware that they
are being observed.

Guidelines in Conducting an Observation

1.Develop an observation guide or checklist which identifies the
phenomenon you want to understand.
2. Decide on the type of observation that you will use.
3. Know your limitations as an observer.
4. Use a recording device when appropriate.
5. Always bring paper and pen with you to record other details which
cannot be recorded by a video or audio recorder.
6. Never attempts to influence the behavior of your subjects.
7. Always observe ethics when implementing an observational
instrument.
 Experiment – is a procedure undertaken scientifically and
systematically to make a discovery and to test hypothesis. An
experiment can be performed in a laboratory or in natural setting
following these steps:
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1. Make observations.
2. Develop the hypothesis.
3. Design the experiment.
4. Conduct the experiment. Replicate the experiment to ensure
the reliability of the results.
5. Analyze the results.
6. Decide on whether to accept the hypothesis based on the
results.

Guidelines in Conducting an Experiment

1. Always coordinate with a laboratory technician or supervisor
when doing an experiment.
2. Make yourself present and accessible during an experiment.
3. Maintain a relaxed and professional atmosphere.
4. Clean the experiment venue (e.g., laboratory) as you leave.
5. Never coerce any participants in your experiment.
6. If you need participants in your experiment, let them fill out an
informed consent form (ICF) beforehand. It is document
proving that the participant voluntarily and willingly
participated in the experiment.
7. Ensure the safety of everyone involved at all times.
8. Ensure the anonymity of participants.
9. Ensure the confidentiality of all gathered data.

Instrument Advantages Disadvantages

Questionnaire  Least expensive  Has the lowest
 Least time response rate
consuming  Does not
 Flexible in terms of generally provide
 administration opportunity for
(online or offline) respondents to
 May generate more clarify
consistent questions/items
responses  Requires
 Easier to analyze participants to
data read and write.
 Involves more
number of
participants.
Interview  High response rate  Time consuming
 Allows probing  Expensive
 Can clarify items to  Difficult to
be asked analyze data
 Does not require  Requires
participants to read transcription
and write lengthily.
 Can address
complex questions
Observation  Provides direct
 Provide no
access to a
control for
phenomenon situation
 Applicable to a wide
 May be biased
range of contexts  Does not provide
 Complements other data for a more
instruments stable conclusion
 Time consuming
 May influence
data because of
observer’s effects
Experiment  Provide control of  May result in an
situation and artificial situation
variables  Prone to
 Establishes cause experimenters’
and effect effect
  Can be replicated
 Yields quantitative
data that can be
statistically analyzes.

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EXERCICE/S
Exercise A -Evaluate!
Direction: Evaluate the sample survey questionnaire by
accomplishing the table below.

Online Shopping Attitudes Survey Questionnaire

1. How often do you buy products online?
Extremely often Quite often Moderately often
Slightly often Not at all often
2. What types of products do you typically buy online? ________
3. Which online retailers do you typically use? _________
4. What are your biggest concerns about buying products online?
__________________
5. How comfortable are you buying products online from a company
you know?
Extremely comfortable Quite comfortable
Moderately comfortable Slightly comfortable
Not at all comfortable
6. How confident are you that your personal information is kept
confidential when buying products online?
Extremely confident Quite confident
Moderately confident Slightly confident
Not at all confident
7. How confident are you that your payment information is kept
secure when buying products online?
Extremely confident Quite confident
Moderately confident Slightly confident
Not at all confident
8. How often do privacy concerns prevent you from buying products
online?
 Always Most of the time About half the time
Once in a while Never
9. Which payment method do you use most often when buying
products online?
PayPal Credit card Debit card
Google Checkout Other (please specify
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10. On which website are you most comfortable buying from an
individual you do not know?
Craiglist uBid Amazon Marketplace
eBay eBid Google Product Search
Other (please specify) _______

TABLE:
Task 1: Check the box that corresponds to your answer. Make sure to
explain your answer. If the question needs revision do it so.
Question Yes No Explain
1. Are the questions
logically arranged?

2. Are the options

provided relevant?

3. Does the survey

questionnaire
provide a clear set of
instructions?

4. Is the questionnaire
formatted
appropriately?

5. Are the questions

selected suitable for
the purpose of the
 questionnaire?

Task 2: Copy the question that needs revision and revised it

accurately.
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C.ASSESSMENT /APPLICATION/OUTPUTS

Directions: Create a survey questionnaire for one (1) of the following

topics you wish to pursue. The information that you will gather will
help you in writing your Survey Report.

Work in groups of five (5). Look at the topics below:

 Facebook and privacy
 Stranger danger and Facebook
 Social media and creativity
 Social media and instant fame
 Online games and the Youth
 Confidence and social media “likes”
 Selfies and groufies as the new tradition

1. Choose one from the topics.

2. Narrow down your chosen by asking a general question about

it. When focusing on a topic, consider your target respondents.
Focus on the youth, but come up with an age range with your
group mates.
For Example
Topic: Online Games and the Youth
General Question: “What are the factors that make games such as
Clash of Clans (COC) or Mobile Legends (ML) or Call of Duty (COD)
addicting?
3. Prepare a questionnaire which will answer the question and
establish supporting details about it. Take note of the
guidelines in making your questionnaire.

4. Once your questions are ready submit to your teacher for

review.

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5. Once approved, exchange questionnaire with another group

for your Pilot Test. Have the answer your questionnaire while
you
note their reactions. Pay attention to items where they hesitate
to answer; focus especially on the items they clarify.

6. Revise your questionnaire based on the input you received

from your pilot test.

7. Administer or conduct your survey to your group’s target

audience.

8. Collect the answers and keep the data.

9. Submit a copy of the raw data to your teacher.

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Quarter 2 – Module 6:
Writing a Research Report

MELC: Disseminates written forms of information from surveys/

experiment/ observation, Summarizes findings and executes the
report through narrative and visual/graphic forms, Writes a various
report (CS_EN11/12A-EAPP-IIe-j-10 - 12)

At the end of this lesson, you are expected to:

* gather data through surveys, and
* write a survey report that summarizes the findings through
narratives and visual reports

A. Readings/Discussion (Key Points)

Writing a Research Report

A Research Report
 - is an expanded paper that presents the results and
interpretation of a phenomenon so that the leaders can be
better understand it.
- it is not a summary of different articles or ideas that are
presented uncritically, nor is it a series of quotations and a
compilation of unsubstantiated opinion.
- is produced through formal investigation and scientific inquiry.
-
Some of the requirements needed to complete a report are the
following:
 topic (field specific or general)
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 type of paper (journal or thesis format)
 length
 number of sources required (usually at least 10 reputable
sources)
 types of sources (books, journals, periodicals, and other reputable
online sources.
 Documentation style (APA)
 Deadlines
 Format follow the standard format of APA citation style guide
 Parts of the report

Parts of the Survey Report

Generally, a survey report includes the following sections:
I. Title page
II. Table of contents
III. Executive summary
IV. Background and Objectives
V. Methodology
VI. Results (Conclusion and recommendations, and
appendices)

I. The Title Page contains:

* State your informative title which describes the content of the report
* State your name as the researcher/s and your affiliation
* State the date of submission

II. The Table of Contents

III. Executive Summary (Abstract)

* It briefly presents the context of the survey, survey questions or
objectives, methodology, major findings, and sometimes
implications, with minimal number of citations and statistical data.

*Its length ranges from 100 to 250 words.

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IV. Background and Objectives of the Survey
 Provide the current state of the field you are researching on.
 State the gap in knowledge and problems to be addressed by the
research. Provide statistics and previous studies to prove your
claims.
 State the reasons why you want to conduct a survey on the
chosen topic.
 State the theoretical and practical implications of your research.

V. The Methodology contains the process and the steps taken in

gathering data for the research.

*This section contains the context and the participants, the

instruments used, data gathering procedure, and data analysis.

1. The context and participants section explain the number and

demographic profile of participants involved as well as the place or
the environment where the surveyor study was conducted.
2. The instrument section present the tools that you used in
gathering the data. These may include a questionnaire, interview,
focus group discussion, and tests among others.

3. All of the instruments used, as well as the method of validating

them, should be described in detail.

4. Finally, the data gathering section presents the details on how the
data were collected whereas the data analysis section presents how
the data are analyzed, whether it be qualitatively (coding scheme) or
quantitatively (statistical tools).

VI. Results (Conclusion and recommendations, and appendices)

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The results factually describe the data gathered.

 This section usually contains tables and graphs that summarizes
the collected data. Along with the tables and graphs are their
respective interpretations.

When interpreting graphs and tables, remember the following:

* Your first sentence should contain the figure or table number
and the title.
*The succeeding sentences should focus on the most important
information in the graph or table.
*The trends or the gaps that you notice may be included in the
body of interpretation.
 The interpretation should end with a conclusion based on the
given information. The flow of the results sections should follow
the flow of the research questions/problems/objectives. It is
expected that for each research problem or objective,
corresponding results are presented.
VII. The conclusion contains the restatement of major findings,
limitations of the study, recommendation, and implications.
 Note that in some cases, the conclusion is integrated into the
discussion section.

Steps in Writing a Report

1. Select and narrow down the topic. You may use any prewriting
technique such as freewriting, clustering, and brainstorming to
focus on a topic.
2. Conduct a preliminary research by gathering the initial
references.
3. Formulate the thesis statement and research questions.
4. Prepare a preliminary outline.
5. Gather additional references. Use preliminary outline as a guide
for this stage.
6. Prepare the prefinal outline.
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7. Prepare the necessary instruments for your research.
8. Pilot the instrument and revise accordingly.
9. Gather the data.
10. Prepare the tables and graphs and analyze the collected data.
11. Write the abstract.
12. Write the methodology and results section.
13. Write the conclusion.
14. Prepare the reference list. List all items that are cited in the
Body of your paper.
15. Edit and format your paper.

Guidelines in Writing A Report

1. Fifty - seventy percent of the paper should be devoted to
results.
2. Be sure to cite all your sources whether they are paraphrase or
directly quoted.
3. Use direct quotation sparingly. Paraphrase as much as possible.
4. Strictly follow the required documentation style.
 5. Topics should be relevant, interesting, current, and manageable
in terms of resources, skills needed, and time. They should not be
too sensitive and controversial as well.
6. Research questions should directly address the given topic.
7. Use simple language and avoid verbose words.

C.ASSESSMENT /APPLICATION/OUTPUTS

Task: Writing a Survey Report

Note:
1. Always follow the steps and guidelines in accomplishing
your Survey Report. If you have queries approach the EAPP
teacher for your guidance.
2. Compile your work in a portfolio.
3. Submit to your teacher as Final Requirement in EAPP
(Each Group will receive a Rubric intended for the Survey Report. It will
be distributed by your EAPP teacher).
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Prepared by: JOANAH JEAN M. DIANON
Teacher 2

Checked & Verified By: ALOHA Z. BENGCOLITA

Master Teacher I

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