Lesson 12: Quantitative

Date-Collection
Techniques
QUALITATIVE DATA-COLLECTION
TECHNIQUE
Quantitative data is data expressing a certain quantity,
amount or range. Usually, there are measurement units
associated with the data, e.g. meters, in the case of the
height of a person. It makes sense to set boundary limits
to such data, and it is also meaningful to apply arithmetic
operations to the data
 TECHNIQUES IN COLLECTING
QUANTITATIVE DATA
Collecting data is one major component of any type of research.
Undermining its importance would result in the production of
inaccurate data sufficient to render your research study invalid.
Hence, in collecting quantitative data, stress is given to the
accuracy or appropriateness of your data-gathering technique as
well as ofthe rightinstrumenttocollectthedata.Thefollowingare
themostusedquantitativedata- gathering techniques along with
the data-gathering instruments for each technique.
 01 02
OBSERVATION SURVEY

03 04
EXPERIMENT CONTENT ANALYSIS
01.OBSERVATION
Using your sense organs, you gather facts or
information about people, things, places, events, and
so on, by watching and listening to them; then, record
the results of the functioning of your eyes and ears.
Expressing these sensory experiences to quantitative
data, you record them with the use of numbers. For
instance, watching patients lining up at a medical clinic,
instead of centering your eyes on the looks of the people,
you focus your attention on the number, weight, and
height of every patient standing up at the door of the
medical clinic.
01.OBSERVATION
As a researcher preoccupied with collecting
quantitative data through observation, you begin to count
the number of patients and get the measurement of their
height and weight. These numbers representing the
results of your counting and measurement are then
jotted down in your record notebook. Seeing, touching,
and hearing the sources of data personally, you engage
yourself in direct observation. It is an indirect observation,
if you see and hear them, not through your own eyes and
ears, but by means of technological and electronic
gadgets like audiotapes, video records, and other
recording devices used to capture earlier events, images,
orsounds.
02.SURVEY
Survey is a data-gathering technique that makes you
obtain facts or information about the subject or object of
your research through the data- gathering instruments of
interview and questionnaire. This is the most popular
data-gathering technique in quantitative and qualitative
researcher studies for the researchers are free to use
not just one survey instrument but also these two
following data-gathering instruments.
QUESTIONNAIRE
Questionnaire is a paper containing series of
questions formulated for an individual and
independent answering by several respondents for
obtaining statistical information. Each question offers
a number of probable answers from which the
respondents, on the basis or their own judgment, will
choose the best answer. Making up a questionnaire
are factual and opinionated questions. Questions to
elicit factual answers are formulated in a multiple-
choice type and those to ask about the respondents’
views, attitudes, preferences, and other opinionated
answers are provided with sufficient space where the
respondents could write their sentential answers to
opinionated questions.
 Responses yielded by this instrument are given
their numerical forms (numbers, fractions,
percentages) and categories and are subjected to
statistical analysis. Questionnaire is good for
collecting data from a big number of respondents
situated in different places because all you have to
do is either to hand the paper to the respondents or
to send it to them through postal or electronic mail.
However, ironically, your act of sending the
questionnaires to respondents, especially to those
in remote areas, is susceptible to waste of money,
time, and effort for you do not have any assurance
of the return of all or a large number of fully
accomplished questionnaires.
INTERVIEW
 Survey as a data-gathering
technique likewise uses interview as
its data-gathering instrument. Similar
to a questionnaire, interview makes
you ask a set of questions, only that,
this time, you do it orally. Some,
however, say that with the advent of
modern technology, oral interview is
already a traditional way of
interviewing, and the modern ways
happen through the use of modern
electronic devices such as mobile
phones, telephones, smart phones, and
other wireless devices.
 ORDER OF INTERVIEW QUESTIONS

FIRST SET SECOND SET THIRD SET FOURTH SET

ending questions that give the
opening questions to generative questions to directive questions or respondents the chance to air
establish friendly encourage open-ended close-ended questions to their satisfaction, wants, likes,
relationships, like questions like those that elicit specific answers dislikes, reactions, or
questions about the ask about the like those that are comments about the interview.
place, the time, the respondents’ inferences, answerable with yes or Included here are also closing
physical appearance of views, or opinions about no, with one type of an statements to give the
the participant, or other the interviewtopic object, or with definite respondents some ideas or clues
on your next move or activity
non-verbal things not for period of time and the about the results of the
audio recording like interview
GUIDELINES IN FORMULATING INTERVIEW QUESTIONS

A B C
Use clear and Avoid using
Let one question
simple language. acronyms,
elicit only one
abbreviations,
answer; no double-
jargons, and
barrel question
highfalutin terms
 GUIDELINES IN FORMULATING INTERVIEW QUESTIONS

E F
D
Give way to how Establish continuity
Express your point
your respondents or free flow of the
in exact, specific,
want themselves to respondents’
bias-free, and
be identified thoughts by using
gender-free
appropriate follow-
language
up questions
G. Ask questions in a sequential manner;
determine which should be your opening,
middle, or closing questions.
03.EXPERIMENT
An experiment is a scientific method of collecting data
whereby you give the subjects a sort of treatment or
condition then evaluate the results to find out the manner
by which the treatment affected the subjects and to
discover the reasons behind the effects of such treatment
on the subjects. This quantitative data-gathering
technique aims at manipulating or controlling conditions
to show which condition or treatment has effects on the
subjects and to determine how much condition or
treatment operates or functions to yield a certain
outcome.
03.EXPERIMENT
The process of collecting data through
experimentation involves selection of subjects or
participants, pre-testing the subjects prior to the
application of any treatment or condition, and giving the
subjects post-test to determine the effects of the
treatment on them. These components of experiment
operate in various ways.
 CONFSIDER THE FOLLOWING COMBINATION OR
MIXTURE OF THE COMPONENTS THAT SOME
RESEARCH STUDIES ADOPT:
Pre-Test →
Pre-Test → Treatment Treatment →
→ Post-Test Immediate Post-test
Treatment → Pre-Test → Multiple → 6-mos. Post-test
Evaluation Treatments → Post-Test → 1-yr. → Post Test

01 02 03 04
03.EXPERIMENT
These three words: treatment, intervention, and
condition, mean the same thing in relation to
experimentation. These are the terms to mean the things
given or applied to the subjects to yield certain effects
or changes on the said subjects. For instance, in finding
out the extent of the communicative competence of the
subjects, put these participants in a learning condition
where they will perform varied communicative activities
such as dramatizing a story, round-table discussions,
interviewing people, table-topic conversation, and the
like.
03.EXPERIMENT
Dealing with or treating their communicative abilities
in two or more modes of communication is giving them
multiple treatments. The basic elements of experiment
which are subjects, pre-test, treatment, and post-test do
not operate only for examining causal relationships but
also for discovering, verifying, and illustrating theories,
hypotheses, or facts.
04.CONTENT ANALYSIS
Content analysis is another quantitative data-collection technique
that makes you search through several oral or written forms of
communication to find answers to your research questions. Used in
quantitative and qualitative research studies, this data-collection
method is not only for examining printed materials but also for analyzing
information coming from non book materials like photographs, films,
video tapes, paintings, drawings, and the like. Here, you focus your
study on a single subject or on two entities to determine their
comparative features. Any content analysis you want to do is preceded
by your thorough understanding of your research questions because
these are the questions to guide you in determining which aspect of the
content of the communication should you focus on to find the answers to
the main problem of your research.
MEASUREMENT SCALES ☺
FOR QUANTITATIVE DATA
MEASUREMENT SCALES FOR QUANTITATIVE DATA

In quantitative research, measurements of data expressed

in numerical forms form in a scale or one that consists series
of graduated quantities, values, degrees, numbers, and so on.
Thinking about the type and scale of measurement that you
have to use in your quantitative research is important because
your measurement choices tell you the type of statistical
analysis to use in your study. Not knowing which scale of
measurement to use may result in your erroneous examination
of the data.
 MEASUREMENT SCALES FOR QUANTITATIVE DATA
There are two categories of scales of measurement: qualitative scales of
measurement and quantitative scales of measurement. Under quantitative
scales of measurement are these two: the nominal scale to show the classification
of things based on a certain criterion such as gender, origin, brand, etc., and the
ordinal scale to indicate the rank or hierarchical order of things. The quantitative
scales of measurement are the interval scale for showing equal differences or
intervals between points on the scale in an arbitrary manner (showing
differences in attitudes, inclinations, feelings, ideas, fears, opinions, etc.) and
the ratio scale, like the interval scale, that shows equal differences or intervals
between points on the scale. However, these two quantitative scales of
measurement are not exactly the same, in that, the latter gives value to zero,
while the former does not give any value to zero for the value depends solely on
the respondent.
 MEASUREMENT SCALES FOR QUANTITATIVE DATA

NOMINAL 01 03 INTERVAL
SCALE SCALE

ORDINAL SCALE 02 04 RATIO SCALE

 NOMINAL SCALE
categorizing people based on gender, religion, position, etc. (one point foreach)
Religion – Catholic, Buddhist, Protestant, Muslim
Gender – Male, Female
Position – CEO, Vice-President, Director, Manager, Assistant Manager
Summing up the points per variable, you will arrive at a certain total that you can
express in terms of percentages, fractions, or decimals like: 30% of males, 25% of
females, 10% of Catholics, 405 of Buddhists, and so forth.

ORDINAL SCALE
ranking or arranging the classified variables to determine who should be the 1st,
2nd, 3rd, 4th, etc., in the group
 INTERVAL SCALE
showing equal intervals or differences of people’s views or attitudes like this
one example of a scale called Likert Attitude Scale:
Strongly Agree Undecided Disagree Strongly
Agree Disagree

Reading is important
How often does your professor come late?
How would you rate your professor’s performance?

RATIO SCALE
rating something from zero to a certain point Performance in Math subject
– a grade of 89% (from 0 to 100%)
 THANK YOU!
Group Members:
ALEJANDA, Angel
BALDEVINO, Aliyah Mae
DOMINGO, Carl John
GAYO, Riley
LOPEZ, Arianne Yesha
MANJARES, Christian
SARTURIO, Shanley Rheyela