SES 874

ISSUES IN URBAN DESIGN PLANNING AND

MANAGEMENT

PRESENTER: Geofrey Yator

QUESTION:
Spatial and Local Theories of urban
Development
Introduction
 Spatial is relating to space
 Urbanization is the movement of population from rural to
urban areas
 A theory is an organized system of accepted knowledge
that applies in a variety of circumstances to explain a
specific set of phenomena.
 Urbanization is a relatively new global issue
 In 1950 only 30% of the world’s population was urbanized
and 50% in 2009 lived in urban centres
 The big question is how do towns come about to be?
Theories explaining the emergence of
towns
Central place theory
 Examples. Polders of the Netherlands, the Fens of
East Anglia in the UK
 Developed by the German geographer Walter
Christaller in 1933
 It explains the reasons behind the distribution
patterns, size, and number of cities and towns.
 Tested in Southern Germany and came to the
conclusion that people gather together in cities to
share goods and ideas and that they
Central place theory
Assumptions
 humans will always purchase goods from the
closest place
 unbounded isotropic (all flat), homogeneous,
limitless surface
 evenly distributed population
 all settlements are equidistant and exist in a
triangular lattice pattern
 evenly distributed resources
Central place theory
Public choice theory

 Advanced by Paul Peterson in his 1981 book, City

Limits
 States that urban politicians and governing
regimes are subordinate to the overall economic
principles that force cities to compete to capture
new investment and capital.
 The competitive nature of cities encourages the
business elite and politicians to favour new
development
Theories explaining how towns
are arranged
Grid model/Hippodamian plan
Examples; The city of Priene
 Proposed by Hippodamus of Miletus who is
considered the father of rational city planning
 The center of the city contains the agora (Market
place), theaters, and temples. Private rooms
surround the city’s public arenas.
 The plan can be laid out uniformly over any kind of
terrain since it’s based on angles and
measurements.
Grid model/Hippodamian plan

Hippodamian plan /Grid Model used in Priene city

Concentric Zone model
Also known as The Burgess Model, The Bull's Eye
Model
 Developed in the 1920's by the urban sociologist
Ernest Burgess.
 The model portrays how cities social groups are
spatially arranged in a series of rings.
 The size of the rings may vary, but the order
always remains the same.
Concentric Zone model
Concentric Zone model
1. Central Business District (CBD) - This area of
the city is a non-residential area and it’s where
businesses are. This area s called downtown ,a lot
of sky scrapers houses government institutions,
businesses, stadiums, and restaurants
2. Zone of Transition- the zone of transition
contains industry and has poorer-quality housing
available.Created by subdividing larger houses
into apartments
Concentric Zone model
3. Zone of the working class- This area contains
modest older houses occupied by stable, working
class families. A large percentage of the people in
this area rent.
4. Zone of better residence- This zone contains
newer and more spacious houses. Mostly families
in the middle-class live in this zone.
5.Commuter’s Zone/Suburbs- This area is located
beyond the build-up area of the city. Mostly upper
class residents live in this area.
..\..\Desktop\Models\Burgess circle model.htm
Concentric Zone model
Shortcomings
 It assumes an isotropic plain
 land may restrict growth of certain sectors
 The model does not fit polycentric cities
 It describes the peculiar American
geography, where the inner city is poor
while suburbs are wealthy; the converse is
the norm elsewhere.
Sector model.
Chicago and Newcastle upon Tyne/Newcastle
 Developed in 1939 by land economist Homer
Hoyt
 It is a model of the internal structure of cities.
 Social groups are arranged around a series of
sectors, or wedges radiating out from the central
business district (CBD) and centred on major
transportation lines
 low-income households to be near railroad lines,
and commercial establishments to be along
business thoroughfares
Modeling Cities: Hoyt

Stresses the importance of transportation corridors. Sees

growth of various urban activities as expanding along roads,
rivers, or train routes.
Sector model.
Shortcomings
 Applies well to some towns only
 Low cost housing is near industry and
transportation proving Hoyt’s model
 Theory based on 20th century and does not take
into account cars which make commerce easier
 With cars, people can live anywhere and further
from the city
Multiple Nuclei method
 The Multiple Nuclei Model is an ecological model
created by Chauncy Harris and Edward Ullman in the
1945
 City grows from several independent points rather than
from one central business district.
 As these expand, they merge to form a single urban
area.
 Ports, universities, airports and parks also act as nodes
 Based on the idea that people have greater movement
due to increased car ownership.
Multiple nuclei model
 The model has four geographic principles
– Certain activities require highly specialised facilities
• Accessible transportation for a factory
• Large areas of open land for a housing tract
– Certain activities cluster because they profit from
mutual association
– Certain activities repel each other and will not be found
in the same area
– Certain activities could not make a profit if they paid the
high rent of the most desirable locations
Modeling Cities:
Harris-Ullman

Stresses the importance of multiple nodes of activity, not a

single CBD. Ports, airports, universities attract certain uses
while repelling others.
Multiple nuclei model
Assumptions Criticisms
 Land is Flat  Each zone displays a
significant degree of internal
 Even Distribution of
heterogeneity
Resources  and not homogeneity
 Even Distribution of  No consideration of influence
people in Residential of physical relief and
areas government policy.
 Even Transportation  Not applicable to oriental

Costs cities with different cultural,

economic and political
backgrounds
Urban Realms Model

Francisco Bay area

Developed by James E. Vance Jr. in the 1960’s
 Each realm is a separate economic, social and
political entity that is linked together to form a
larger metro framework
 suburbs are within the sphere of influence of the
central city and its metropolitan CBD
 Now urban realms have become, so large they even
have exurbs, not just suburbs
Urban realm depends on
 Overall size of the
metropolitan region
 Amount of economic
activity in each urban
realm
 Topography and major
land features
 Internal accessibility of
each realm
Core frame model
 The Core frame model is a model showing
the urban structure of the Central Business
District of a town or city.
 The model includes an inner core where land
is expensive and used intensively
 The outer core and frame have lower land
values and are less intensively developed. T
 various land uses are linked to the bid rent
theory
Core frame model
Bid rent theory
 geographical economic theory that refers to how
the price and demand for real estate change as the
distance from the central business district (CBD)
 This is based upon the idea that retail
establishments wish to maximize their
profitability, so they are much more willing to pay
more for land close to the CBD and less for land
further away from this area.
 The amount they are willing to pay is called "bid
rent".
Bid rent theory
Irregular pattern model
 Arrangement of Public space that
characterizes the stage of "Transition from
village to city" especially in Third World.
 This urban model is due to lack of planning
or construction and illegal without a
specific order.
 Includes blocks with no fixed order, or
permanent and temporary structures. S
 structures are not related to an urban centres
near the place
Howard gardens
Letchworth Garden City, Welwyn Garden city
 Developed by Sir Ebenezer Howard (1898)
 Inspired by the idea of ideal/Utopian cities
 Inspired works on Model villages by Robert Owen
and Model industrial towns by Buckingham.
 Comprised of Town, Country and Town-country
interactions
Howard gardens
THE END