SMALLPOX A DEAD DISEASE

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 Learning Outcomes
At the end of presentation, students would be able to know
about,

•Definition and etiology of smallpox.

•History of Eradication and post-eradication
•Mode of Transmission
•Small pox virus as biological weapon
•Diagnosis and Treatment
•Prevention and control

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 Background
Smallpox is an acute, contagious disease unique to humans,
caused by either of two virus variants, Variola major and
Variola minor.

The disease is also known by the Latin names Variola or Variola

vera, which is a derivative of the Latin varius, meaning
"spotted", or varus, meaning "pimple". 3
 Background
Smallpox is believed to have emerged in human populations about
10,000 BC. The earliest physical evidence of smallpox is probably the
pustular rash on the mummified body of Pharaoh Ramses V of Egypt.

Traders carried the disease from Egypt to India during the 1st
millennium BC. From there it swept into China in the 1st
century AD and reached Japan in the 6th century

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First Case of Smallpox
• There is no animal reservoir, and
no human carriers.

• First certain evidence comes

from the mummified remains of
Ramses. (1157 B.C.)

• Written descriptions did not

appear until the 10th century in
Southwestern Asia.

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 Epidemiological Triangle

Vriola major Childern 6

 Discovery of Vaccine (Before 200 years
ago)
• Known that survivors became immune to the disease.

• As a result, physicians intentionally infected healthy

persons with smallpox organisms.

• Variolation is the act of taking samples (pus from

pustules or ground scabs) from patients whose
disease had been benign, and introducing it into
others through the nose or skin.

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 Campaigns history
 1967 WHO began an intensified world wide campaigns

 1977 WHO ended by international commission

 1980 World health assembly annoused confirmed global

eradication of smallpox

 Last Know case of smallpox in saiben occurred on 24 th

May 1977. 8
• WHO maintain a reserve stock of

• Smallpox vaccine
• Needles

• To protect 2 million person in case of emergency arise

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 Achievement
• By eradication of smallpox

• 2 million death
• Few hundered thousand cases of blindness
10-15 million cases of disease per year are
prevented over last 34 years.

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 Case-Definition
smallpox is an illness with acute onset of fever
≥101°F (38.3°C) followed by a rash characterized
by firm, deep-seated vesicles or pustules in the
same stage of development in the same area of
the body without other apparent cause.

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Why we are discussing chickenpox because…

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In the 1980s, the Soviet Union developed Variola as
an aerosol biological weapon and produced tons
of
virus-laden material annually intended for
intercontinental ballistic missiles.

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Smallpox is considered one of the
most serious bioterrorist threats

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 Rumours about Small Pox
A reported outbreak of smallpox in the Swabi district of Pakistan has turned out to be
nothing more than chickenpox, reports the World Health Organization
Read more at http://www.wnd.com/2002/06/14278/#iapQgbWFkD4bqmsJ.99

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 Infectious agent
• Brick shaped,cosists of double layered membrane which
surrounds –
• Biconcave –Nucleoid congaing DNA core
• Either side lens shaped lateral body
• 300 x 200 x 100 nm

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 Epidemiologic chain of events with Smal pox virus

CAUSAL
AGENT
Susceptible HOST
RESERVIOR

Variola major
Children
Cases of
HUMANS

PORTAL OF
PORTAL OF EXIT
MODE OF
ENTRY TRANSMISSION
1. Respiratory 1. Droplet infection Body fluid.
 Smallpox
• Patients are source of infection
• Close contacts
• Single crop centrifugal distribution

• Macules – Papules – Vesicles – Pustules

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The Stage of smallpox
Incubation Period

Prodromal (1 – 3 days)

Vesicles

Pustules

Scab

Scarring
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Virus spread by respiratory route
 Clinical Features
 Smallpox having three days prodromal illness
characterized.

Generalized centrifugal rash that follows prodrome

 Begins centrally then spreads to the extremities and face
 Rapid succession of papules, vesicles, pustules,
 umbilication, and crusting over a 14-day period. 26
Variola (Smallpox)

Chart from the Center for

Disease Control and
Prevention showing the
characteristic distribution
of smallpox lesions.

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Smallpox on the hand: Notice how these lesions
have become confluent. 29
Smallpox in a child: Notice that all lesions are in the same
stage of development.
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Jenner vaccinating

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Vaccination for Small Pox

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 Summary
Disease Vaccine Disease Sign Disease
spread by /Symptom complicati
s on
Smallpox Vaccine Respiratory Fever, Infected
does not route headache blister,
contain rashes and bleeding
small pox tiredness disorder
virus ,encephalitis
and
pneumonia

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