1

We l c o m e
t o
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o u r
p r e s e n t a t i o n
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ABSORPTION
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 WHAT IS ABSORPTION ??
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• It is the process of drug transport from site of

administration to systemic circulation by crossing
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biologic membrane.

• Why drugs should be transported or absorbed ??

 In order to reach it’s receptor and exerts
biological functions.
 From where absorption occurs after administration ? 4

Buccal
Sublingual
Enteral Oral
Rectal
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Intravenous
Parenteral Intramuscular
Subcutaneous
Inhalation

Transdermal
Topical Mucous membrane
Ocular
 Drug absorption:
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• Disintegration and dissolution of drug:

Drug orally given
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GIT

Disintegration(to form granules) into small molecules

Dissolution into the aqueous media

Absorption
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 ORDER OF ABSORPTION …..
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Solutions > Emulsions > Suspensions > Capsules >

Tablets > Coated tablets > Enteric coated Tablet >
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Sustain Release Tablet.

N.B.[ No Absorption is needed if given

Intravenously ]
 Factors affecting absorption: 8

1. Biological factors
2.Pharmaceutical factors
3. Patient related factors
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 Biological factors:
i. Membrane physiology-
a- nature of cell membrane
b- transport process
ii. Gastro-intestinal motility-
a- gastric emptying rate
b- intestinal motility
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c - Drug stability in GIT

d- pH of GIT
e- Surface area of GIT
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f- Intestinal transit
g- Blood flow to GIT
h- Effect of food
iii. Age-
a- infants
b- elderly patient
 Mechanism of Absorption of DRUG: 10

•Simple diffusion (Diffusion directly through lipid)

•Carrier mediated transport
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a. Facilitated diffusion
b. Active transport
•Vesicular transport (Drinking of cell)
•Pore transport
•Ion pair transport
•Electrochemical diffusion
 Simple diffusion: 11

Polar substances dissolve freely in polar solvents and vice

versa (like dissolves like). It means non polar substances
dissolves freely in lipids( non polar substance), therefore,
penetrates cell membrane very freely. It occurs due to
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conc. gradient, it is moving from high to low conc. no

need of energy supply for simple diffusion.

Example:1. Water- it is moved through the GIT due to

gaps between endothelial and along with it .
2.smaller water soluble substances can be passed such as urea
and alcohol
3.Gases: the gases can be diffused in the lungs by simple
diffusion, not due to conc. gradient but due to partial pressure
differences of gases i.e., oxygen.
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 Carrier mediated transport:
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• False nutrients
• Transport process is structure specific
• Limited carrier
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• Capacity limited
Two types:
Active Transport

Facilitated Diffusion
 Active Diffusion: 14

• It is energy mediated i.e, cells uses energy.

e.g. Drugs like L-dopa moves by this way
Through ionized channel, the ions like k+, Ca++, Na+
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are transferred.
• Actively moves molecules to where they are needed.
• Movement from an area of low concentration to an area
of high concentration (Low High)
 Facilitated diffusion: 15

•  In this case also the carrier proteins are required, but transfer
is occurred due to absorption of other molecule, which
facilitate movement of drug molecule.
• No energy expenditure involved.
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• Glucose transport is occur.

• Faster than passive diffusion.
Example: Fluorouracil
 Vesicular transport: 16

Transport large particles or fluid droplets through

membrane in vesicles.
Uses ATP
Exocytosis – transport out of cell.
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Endocytosis – transport into the cell.

Phagocytosis – engulfing large particles.
Pinocytosis – taking in fluid droplets.
 Pore transport:
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Absorption of low molecular weight drug

Driving force is hydrostatic pressure
Solvent drug
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Permeation through water filled channel

 Ion pair transport: 18

• Drug penetrate the membrane by forming reversible

neutral complex with endogenous ions of git like mucin.
Example; sulfonic acid.
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Electro chemical diffusion:

Charge on the membrane influence the permeation of
Drug.
Unionized molecule > anions > cations.
When cations attached to negatively charged
intracellular membrane then create electrical gradient.
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 Absorption related disorders: 20

• Disorders of absorption constitute a broad spectrum of

conditions with multiple etiologies and varied clinical
manifestations. It is also known as mal absorption.
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• The classes are…

i. Celiac disease
ii. Parasitic infections
iii. Tropical sprue
iv. Short bowel syndrome
v. Congenital immunodeficiency disorders.
vi. Lactose intolerance
vii. Microvillus inclusion disease
 viii. Lymphangiectasia 21

ix. Whipple’s disease

x. Intestinal tuberculosis
xi. Crohn’s disease
xii. Zoliinger-Ellison syndrome.
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xiii. Cystic fibrosis

xiv. Atelectasis
Causes:
a) Parasites: such as B(12) mal absorption is occurs due to
Diphyllobothrium , Giadiardiasis (Giardia lamblia)
b) Addision’s disease
c) Carcinoid syndrome
d) Diabetes mellitus
e) Hypothyroidism and hyperthyroidism
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 Symptoms : 23

• Malabsorption causes abdominal discomfort, including

gas and bloating. Other symptoms the patient may have :
i. Frequent diarrhea
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ii. Bad- smelling and loose stool.

iii. Stools that are in light in color or bulky
iv. Weight loss
v. Scaly skin rashes

Chronic diarrhea is very common sign of malabsoprtion

 Drugs causing malabsorption:
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• Colchicine – inhibits crypt cell division and lactase

• Neomycin – precipitation of bile salts in gut, inhibition
of lactase
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• Methotrexate – folic acid antagonist causing inhibition

of crypt cell division.
• Cholestryramine – binding bile salts
• Laxatives
 Treatment: 25

• Dietary modification:
- Gluten free diet in coeliac disease.
- lactose avoidance in lactose intolerance
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- Food allergic enteropathy need to be on an elimination

diet, avoiding offending food antigens.
• In severe deficiency, hospital admission may be
required for parenteral administration
• Pancreatic enzymes are supplemented orally in
pancreatic insufficiency.
• Antibiotic therapy will treat small bowel bacterial
overgrowth( e.g. Metronidazole, Rifaximin )
 • Immunosuppressive medication: By using this 26

absorption can be used to control autoimmune

enteropathy .
• Such as
Azathioprine ( azasan, imuran) and
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Mercaptopurine ( purinethol, purixan )

 Antidiarrheal drugs:
Main 3 agents used include:
1. Opioid derivatives ( diphenoxylate and loperamide)
2. Bismuth subsalicylates ( pepto bismol )
3. Octreotide ( sandostatin )
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The absorption in lung occurs

by which method ??
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--- Diffusion
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Thank You All

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