BSN 3-1 EMILIO AGUINALDO COLLEGE

Community
Diagnosis
Carla V. Bumanglag
Montenegro, Dewley
Burhan, Mahassen
Ali hassan, Amal
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Objectives:
• Understanding the definition of Community, its subsystem, Community
Diagnosis and its indications.
• To understand the methods involved in community diagnosis.
• To list the essential characteristics of health indicators.
• To realize the value of different health indicators in community service and
development.
• To develop the ability and skill to identify and prioritize health problems within
the community using specific set on indicators
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What is Community?
• A cluster of people with at least one common characteristic (Geography,
occupation, race, ethnicity, housing condition etc.)
• A group of people with a common characteristic or interest living together
within a larger society
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Community: Operational Definition

• A whole entity that functions because of the interdependence of its parts or
subsystems.
• It includes ‘Eight subsystems’ plus the community core.

Community Core
• Community core includes traits like history, socio-demographic characteristics,
vital statistics, value, beliefs, core religions.
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The Eight Subsystems

Politics/
Government
Physical Economics
Environment

Safety/
Transportation CORE Education

Recreation Communication
Health
Social
Service
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Community Diagnosis
• Identifications and quantification of health problems in a community as a while
in terms of mortality and morbidity rates and ratios, and identification of their
correlates for the purpose of defining those ate risk or those in need of health
care.

The Process
Examining the aggregate of health and social statistics in addition to the knowledge
of the local situation, aiming at determining the health needs of a given community
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Objectives of Community Diagnosis

• Analyze the health status.
• Evaluate the health resources, services and system of care.
• Assess attitudes toward community health services and issues.
• Identify priorities, establish goals, and determine courses of action to improve
health status.
• Establish epidemiologic baseline for measuring improvement over time.
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Community Analysis
• It is a process of examining data to define needs, strengths, barriers,
opportunities, readiness, and resources.
• The product of analysis is the “Community Profile”
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Community Analysis : Data Needed

• DEMOGRAPHIC
• ENVIRONMENTAL
• SOCIO-ECONOMIC
• HEALTH RESOUCES AND SERVICES
• HEALTH POLICIES
• STUDY OF TARGET GROUPS
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Community Diagnosis Evolves with
Indicators
• Health Indicators – Variables used for the assessment of community health.

Characteristics of Indicators
• VALID: measure what they are supposed to measure.
• RELIABLE AND OBJECTIVE: the same if measured by different people in similar
circumstances
• SENSITIVE: to changes in the situation concerned
• SPECIFIC: reflect changes only in the situation concerned
• FEASIBLE: have the ability to obtain data needed
• RELEVANT: contribute to the understanding of the phenomenon to interest.
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Health Indicators:
• Mortality
• Morbidity
• Disability rates
• Nutritional status
• Health care delivery
• Utilization rates
• Social and mental health
• Environmental
• Socio-economic
• Health policy
• Quality of life
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Mortality Indicators
• Mortality Rates
• The traditional measures of health status
• Widely used because of their ready availability (death certificate is a legal requirement in many countries)
• Crude death rates
• Specific death rates: age and disease
• Expectation of life
• Infant mortality rate
• Proportionate mortality ratio
• Case fatality rate
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Morbidity indicators
• Morbidity rates
• Data on morbidity are preferable, although often difficult to obtain.
• Incidence and prevalence
• Notification rates
• Attendance rates: out patient clinics or health centers
• Admission and Discharge rates
• Hospital stay duration rates
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Disability Indicators
• Disability rates
• No. of days of restricted activity
• Bed disability days
• Work / School loss days within a specified period
• Expectation of life free of disability.
• Data on morbidity are preferable, although often difficult to obtain.
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Nutritional Indicators
• Nutritional status indicators
• It is an indicator of positive health
• Anthropometrics measurements
• Height of children at school entry
• Prevalence of low birth weight
• Clinical surveys: Anemia, Hypothyroidism, Night blindess
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Health Care Delivery Indicators

• Health care delivery indicators
• Reflect the Equity / Provision of Health Care
• Physician / Population Ratio
• Physician / Nurse Ratio
• Population / Bed Ratio
• Population / Health Center
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Utilization Indicators
• Health Care Utilization Rates
• Extent of use of health services
• Proportion of people in need of service who actually receive it in a given period.
• Proportion of infants who are fully immunized in the 1st year of life “ immunization coverage”
• Proportion of pregnant women who receive antenatal care
• Hospital-bed occupancy rate
• Hospital-bed turn over ratio
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Social / Mental Health Indicators

• Indicators of Social and Mental Health
• Valid positive indicators does not often exist
• Indirect measures are commonly used
• Suicide and Homicide rates
• Road traffic accidents
• Alcohol and drug abuse
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Environment Indicators
• Environmental Health Indicators
• Reflect the quality of environment
• Measures of pollution
• Proportion of people having access to safe water and sanitation facilities
• Vectors density
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Health Policy Indicators

• Health Policy Indicators
• Allocation of adequate resources.
• Proportion of GNP spent on health services.
• Proportion of GNP spent on health related services
• Proportion of total health resources devoted to primary health care
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Others
• Other health indicators
• Indicators of quality of life
• Basic needs indicators
• Health for all indicators