Gender and Sexuality

INTRODUCTION: SEX AND GENDER

ACCORDING TO ANTHROPOLOGISTS
 GENDER VS. SEX
Words can reveal cultural beliefs. A good example is the term “sex.” In the past,
sex referred both to sexuality and to someone’s biologic sex: male or female.
Today, although sex still refers to sexuality, “gender” now means the
categories male, female, or increasingly, other gender possibilities. Why has
this occurred?

The change in terminology reflects profound alterations in gender ideology

in the United States (and elsewhere). In the past, influenced by Judeo-Christian
religion and nineteenth and twentieth century scientific beliefs, biology (and
reproductive capacity) was literally considered to be destiny.
 GENDER VS. SEX

Males and females, at least “normal” males and females, were thought to be born with
different intellectual, physical, and moral capacities, preferences, tastes, personalities,
and predispositions for violence and suffering.

Ironically, many cultures, including European Christianity in the Middle Ages, viewed
women as having a strong, often “insatiable” sexual “drive” and capacity. But by the
nineteenth century, women and their sexuality were largely defined in reproductive
terms, as in their capacity to “carry a man’s child.” Even late-twentieth-century human
sexuality texts often referred only to “reproductive systems,” to genitals as
“reproductive” organs, and excluded the “clitoris” and other female organs of sexual
pleasure that had no reproductive function. For women, the primary, if not sole,
legitimate purpose of sexuality was reproduction.
 Nineteenth and mid-twentieth century European and U.S. gender ideologies linked
sexuality and gender in other ways. Sexual preference—the sex to whom one was attracted
—was “naturally” heterosexual, at least among “normal” humans, and “normal,” according
to mid-twentieth century Freudian-influenced psychology, was defined largely by whether
one adhered to conventional gender roles for males and females. So, appropriately,
“masculine” men were “naturally” attracted to “feminine” women and vice versa.
Homosexuality, too, was depicted not just as a sexual preference but as gender-
inappropriate role behavior, down to gestures and color of clothing.This is apparent in old
stereotypes of gay men as “effeminate” (acting like a female, wearing “female” fabrics such
as silk or colors such as pink, and participating in “feminine” professions like ballet) and of
lesbian women as “butch” (cropped hair, riding motorcycles, wearing leather—prototypical
masculinity).
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 GENDER VS. SEX

▪ Once again, separate phenomena—sexual preference and gender role

performance—were conflated because of beliefs that rooted both in
biology. “Abnormality” in one sphere (sexual preference) was linked to
“abnormality” in the other sphere (gendered capacities and preferences).
▪ In short, the gender and sexual ideologies were based on biological
determinism. According to this theory, males and females were supposedly
born fundamentally different reproductively and in other major capacities
and preferences and were “naturally” (biologically) sexually attracted to
each other, although women’s sexual “drive” was not very well developed
relative to men’s and was reproductively oriented
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 Rejecting Biological Determinism
Decades of research on gender and sexuality, including by feminist
anthropologists, has challenged these old theories, particularly biological
determinism. We now understand that cultures, not nature, create the gender
ideologies that go along with being born male or female and the ideologies
vary widely, cross-culturally. What is considered “man’s work” in some
societies, such as carrying heavy loads, or farming, can be “woman’s work” in
others. What is “masculine” and “feminine” varies: pink and blue, for example,
are culturally invented gender-color linkages, and skirts and “make-up” can be
worn by men, indeed by “warriors.”Hindu deities, male and female, are highly
decorated and difficult to distinguish, at least by conventional masculinist U.S.
stereotypes 6
 ETHICS IN GENDER AND SEXUALITY RESEARCH
▪ Ethical Principles- are principles used in conducting gender and
sexuality researches, because they make sure that people involved in
the research are protected from harm.
PRINCIPLES TO REMEMBER
▪ Informed consent- researchers should make sure that the participants in
the study are aware of the purpose and processes of the study they are
participating in.
▪ Confidentiality and anonymity- researchers should not reveal any
information provided by the participants, much so, their identity to anyone
who are not concerned with the study.
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 Non-maleficence and beneficence- a study should do no harm (non-
maleficence) to anyone. Especially in researches involving humans, a study
should be beneficial (beneficence) for it to be worth implementing.
 Distributive justice- any study should not disadvantage a particular group,
especially the marginalized and the oppressed (e.g., poor people, women,
LGBTQ+, the elderly).

 GENDER, SEXUALITY, AND HUMAN ECOLOGY

• Human Ecology- as a field, recognizes the interplay among internal and
external environments- physical, socio-economic, cultural ( Bronfenbrenner
1994; Bubolz and Sontag 1983).
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 THE
END!!!!!

9
You can also split your content
White
Is the color of milk and fresh
snow, the color produced by the
combination of all the colors of
the visible spectrum.
Black
Is the color of ebony and of
outer space. It has been the
symbolic color of elegance,
solemnity and authority.
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In two or three columns
Yellow Blue Red
Is the color of gold, Is the colour of the clear Is the color of blood,
butter and ripe lemons. sky and the deep sea. It and because of this it
In the spectrum of is located between has historically been
visible light, yellow is violet and green on the associated with
found between green optical spectrum. sacrifice, danger and
and orange. courage.

11
A picture is worth a
thousand words
A complex idea can be conveyed
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namely making it possible to
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Use big image.

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Use diagrams to explain your ideas
Lorem Ipsum

Lorem Ipsum Lorem Ipsum

Lorem Ipsum Lorem Ipsum Lorem Ipsum Lorem Ipsum

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And tables to compare data
A B C

Yellow 10 20 7

Blue 30 15 10

Orange 5 24 16

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Let’s review some concepts
Yellow
Is the color of gold, butter and ripe
lemons. In the spectrum of visible
light, yellow is found between green
and orange.
Yellow
Is the color of gold, butter and ripe
lemons. In the spectrum of visible
light, yellow is found between green
and orange.
Blue
Is the colour of the clear sky and the
deep sea. It is located between violet
and green on the optical spectrum.
Blue
Is the colour of the clear sky and the
deep sea. It is located between violet
and green on the optical spectrum.
Red
Is the color of blood, and because of
this it has historically been
associated with sacrifice, danger and
courage.
Red
Is the color of blood, and because of
this it has historically been
associated with sacrifice, danger and
courage.
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