Technical College

Information System
Engineering
First Class

Computer Organization and

Digital Design
Lec. Farah Sami
 Class Schedule
1- Introduction to computers and digital systems.
2- Number systems and Arithmetic operation.
3- Logic gates, Boolean algebra and simplification
4- Combination circuits, adder and subtractor.
 
5- Decoders and multiplexers.

 
6- Sequential circuits, Flip-Flops.
  Registers and counters.
7-
8- Memory organization and storage system.
9- Microprocessor and CPU.
 Class Schedule
10- Introduction to Assembly language and ASCII
code.
11- Addressing data items in memory.

 
12- Jump instructions and applications.
 
Introduction to computers and
digital systems
 Introduction
•A digital computer is a part of digital
system ,it’s an electronic machine that
accepts a stream of symbols as its input,
stores them, processes them according to
precise rules and produces meaningful
output.

Figure (1): shows a

block diagram of digital
computer
 Where:
CPU is the Central Processing Unit.
CU is the Control Unit.
ALU is the Arithmetic Logic Unit.
• The processor when combined with the
control unit form a component referred to
as CPU.
• Storage unit stores programs as well as
input, output and intermediate data.
• The processor unit performs arithmetic
and other data processing tasks as specified
by the program.
• The control unit supervised the flow of
information between various units.
• The program and data prepared by the
user are transformed into the memory
unit by means of input devices such as:
punch-card reader, keyboard and scanner
…etc.
• The output unit presents the results of the
computation to the user in a form that the
user understands it (compatible with the
user) such as: card punching, printer and
magnetic tape …etc.
•Computers are used in scientific
calculations, commercial and business data
processing, air traffic control, space
guidance, education field, and many other
areas.
•All streams of input symbols to a digital
system are encoded with two distinct
symbols (0) zero and (1) one, known as
binary digits or bits.
•Bits can be stored and manipulated
reliably and inexpensively using electronic
circuits.
 chapter one

Number systems and Arithmetic

operation
 Objectives
After studying this chapter, the student should be
able to:
 Understand the concept of number systems.
 Describe the decimal, binary, hexadecimal and octal system.
Convert a number in binary, octal or hexadecimal to a
number in the decimal system.
 Convert a number in the decimal system to a number in
binary, octal and hexadecimal.
 Convert a number in binary to octal and vice versa.
 Convert a number in binary to hexadecimal and vice versa.
 Find the number of digits needed in each system to represent
a particular value.
 Number systems
•Number systems are very important to
understand because the design and
organization of a computer depends on the
number systems.
•The modern civilization is familiar with
decimal number system, in which ten digits
namely 0 to 9 are used to represent any
number.
 •The knowledge of number systems is essential
for understanding of computers.
•The useful number systems discussed are:
1- Binary Number System.
2- Octal Number System.
3- Decimal Number System.
4- Hexadecimal Number System.
The decimal system uses 10 basic symbols, while
binary uses only 2 digits, octal system uses 8 digits
and hexadecimal uses 16 digits.
Radix Number System Basic digits
2 Binary 0, 1
8 Octal 0, 1,2,3,4,5,6,7
10 Decimal 0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9
16 Hexadecimal 0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,A,B,C,D,E,F
 Why is binary number system
used in computers?
1- Keep in mind that computers work on an
electrical flow where a high voltage is
considered as 1 and a low voltage is
considered as 0.  Using these highs and lows,
data are represented.  Electronic circuits
must be designed to manipulate these
positive and negative pulses into meaningful
logic.
2- Handling of two digits, that is, 1 and 0 is
simpler, cheaper and more reliable.
 Why is binary number system
used in computers?
3- Every operation or activity that can be
performed by decimal number system can
also be done using binary number system, so
it does not create any problem.
 Bit & Byte
Computer uses the binary system. Any physical
system that can exist in two distinct states (e.g., 0-
1, on-off, hi-lo, yes-no, up-down, north-south,
etc.) has the potential of being used to represent
numbers or characters.
A binary digit is called a bit. There are two
possible states in a bit, usually expressed as 0 and
1. A series of eight bits strung together makes a
byte, Since this system uses two digits only, it has
the base or radix 2
 Number representation
In general, quantities are represented as:
N  a0 20  a121  a2 22  .  an 2n
Where each coefficient can take only two value
either 0 or 1.
Binary Number: the decimal number can be present in
binary by arranging the 1 and 0 under weight of the
binary system to get the decimal number.
EX1: …..32 16 8 4 2 1
..... 25 24 3 2
2 2 2 2
1 0

Decimal (base 10) Binary (base 2)

4 0 0 0 1 0 0
22 0 1 0 1 1 0
For N bits, the number can take an 2N values varying from
N
0 2 -1.