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macro Consumption
macroeconomics
fifth edition
N. Gregory Mankiw
PowerPoint® Slides
by Ron Cronovich
C C cY
c c = MPC
= slope of the
1
consumption
C function
C C cY
C C
APC c
Y Y
slope = APC
Y
Consumption function
C from long time series
data (constant APC )
Consumption function
from cross-sectional
household data
(falling APC )
C2 Y2
C1 Y1
1r 1r
C2
The budget
constraint
shows all Consump =
combinations Saving income in
of C1 and C2 both periods
that just
exhaust the Y2
consumer’s Borrowing
resources.
C1
Y1
C2
The slope of
the budget
line equals
(1+r ) 1
(1+r )
Y2
C1
Y1
An indifference C2 Higher
curve shows all indifference
combinations of curves
C1 and C2 that represent
higher levels
make the
of happiness.
consumer
equally happy.
IC2
IC1
C1
C2 The slope of an
indifference
Marginal rate of curve at any
substitution (MRS ): point equals
the amount of C2 the MRS
1 at that point.
consumer would be
MRS
willing to substitute
for one unit of C1.
IC1
C1
C2
The optimal (C1,C2) At the
is where the budget optimal point,
line just touches the MRS = 1+r
highest indifference
curve.
O
C1
C2 An increase in Y1 or Y2
Results: shifts the budget line
Provided they are outward.
both normal goods,
C1 and C2 both
increase,
…regardless of
whether the
income increase
occurs in period 1
C1
or period 2.
As depicted here, A
C1 falls and C2 rises.
Y2
However, it could
turn out differently… Y1 C1
C2
The budget
line with no
borrowing
constraints
Y2
Y1 C1
The borrowing C2
constraint takes
the form:
The budget
C1 Y1 line with a
borrowing
constraint
Y2
Y1 C1
The borrowing
constraint is not
binding if the
consumer’s
optimal C1
is less than Y1.
Y1 C1
The optimal C2
choice is at
point D.
But since the
consumer
cannot borrow,
the best he can E
do is point E. D
Y1 C1
Consumption Dissaving
Retirement End
begins of life
CHAPTER 16 Consumption slide 31
The Permanent Income Hypothesis
due to Milton Friedman (1957)
The PIH views current income Y as the sum
of two components:
permanent income Y P
(average income, which people expect to
persist into the future)
transitory income Y T
(temporary deviations from average
income)
IfIf consumers
consumers obeyobey the
the PIH
PIH
and
and havehave rational
rational expectations,
expectations,
then
then policy
policy changes
changes
will
will affect
affect consumption
consumption
only
only ifif they
they are
are unanticipated.
unanticipated.