Solve

 We were able to solve this equation using power series centered at 0 (about since is an ordinary point.
 The general solution is where

 
Solve

 If we want to find a series solution centered at 0 (about we notice that is a singular point, which requires a special
treatment.
Chapter 6:
Series Solutions of
Linear Equations
Section 6.3: Solutions About Singular Points
 Consider a homogeneous linear second-order DE of the form

 where and are polynomials with no common factor. The standard form of (1) is

where
  and .

For
  the case of polynomial coefficients, a singular point of the DE (1) is called regular singular point if the factor appears at most to the
first power in the denominator of and at most to the second power in the denominator of .

If a singular point is not regular, then it is called irregular singular point.

 Find and classify the singular points of

 is an irregular singular point,

is a regular singular point.

 Find and classify the singular points of

 is an irregular singular point,

is a regular singular point.

 Find and classify the singular points of

 and are regular singular point.

 
Solve

 is a regular singular point. The indicial equation is

The recurrence relation corresponding to the root is

The recurrence relation corresponding to the root is

 The general solution is where

 If is a regular singular point of the DE (2), one can show that the indicial equation has the form

𝑟  ( 𝑟 − 1 )+ 𝑝 ( 0 ) 𝑟+ 𝑞 ( 0 ) =0

 where and , that is

2
 𝑝 ( 𝑥 ) = 𝑥 𝑎1 ( 𝑥 ) and 𝑞 ( 𝑥 ) = 𝑥 𝑎0 ( 𝑥 ) .
𝑎2 ( 𝑥 ) 𝑎2( 𝑥 )
 
Find the first three nonzero terms of the series solution of the DE about corresponding to the smallest indicial
root.

 is a regular singular point.

 The indicial equation is The roots are and

The smallest indicial root is

The recurrence relation corresponding to the root is

 The series solution corresponding to the indicial root is is

 
S

 is a regular singular point.

 The indicial equation is The roots are and
 The recurrence relation corresponding to the root is

The recurrence relation corresponding to the root is

 We get only one series solution where is an arbitrary constant.

 We use the reduction of order method to obtain the other solution

 The general solution is where and are defined above.

 Suppose that is a regular singular point of the DE (1) and that the indicial roots and are real and
 We can summarize the possible forms of solution of the DE (1) about as follow:

 If and is not integer,

then there exists two linearly independent series solutions of DE (1) of the form

 
 Suppose that is a regular singular point of the DE (1) and that the indicial roots and are real and
 We can summarize the possible forms of solution of the DE (1) about as follow:

 If and is a positive integer,

then there exists two linearly independent series solutions of DE (1) of the form

 
This will be obtained from
the Frobenius method

where is a constant that could be zero.

  Suppose that is a regular singular point of the DE (1) and that the indicial roots and are real and
 We can summarize the possible forms of solution of the DE (1) about as follow:

This will be obtained from

 If and is a positive integer, the Frobenius method

then there exists two linearly independent series solutions of DE (1) of the form

 Remark:  

In case II, one may get two series from the Frobenius method;
one from each indicial root, and this case , or one may get only
one series from the Frobenius method and obtain the other where is a constant that could be zero.
solution by using the reduction of order method (as in the
previous example); in this case .
 Suppose that is a regular singular point of the DE (1) and that the indicial roots and are real and
 We can summarize the possible forms of solution of the DE (1) about as follow:

 If ,

then there always exists two linearly independent series solutions of DE (1) of the form

 
This will be obtained from
the Frobenius method

where is a constant that could be zero.

This will be obtained from

the reduction of order method
Final Exam, Semester 181