LECTURE-3

(Power System Protection/EEPS-801)

DISTANCE PROTECTION
 Learning Objective

 To understand about step distance protection.

 To understand the important concepts related
to distance protection.
 To solve the related problems of step distance
protection.
 Three Step Distance Protection
 We Like to set the reach of relay to 100% of the line
section.
 However it is not possible to get the exact reach of 100%
in practice.
 There is always certain amount of about the actual
reach.
 Various contributing factors for this ambiguity in reach
are:
I. Inaccuracy in CT and PT ratios.
II. Ambiguity about line parameters (line parameters
are seldom measured, they are calculated from line
data)
 Three Step Distance Protection
I. Variation of line parameters with atmospheric conditions.
II. DC offset in fault current.
III. Transient response of capacitive voltage transformers (CVT)
 Out of these factors DC offset and CVT transient response cause over-
reach.
 Other factors may cause error on either side. Thus, there is always a
possibility of over-reach.
 If the reach of distance relay is adjusted to 100% then over-reach will
cause loss of selectivity with the distance protection of the next section.
This cannot be tolerated in the case of EHV lines.
 Thus, it is a usual practice to set the reach of distance protection about 80
to 90% of the line section.
 This leaves 20% to 10% of line without primary protection.
 Therefore, a comprehensive scheme of distance protection has evolved,
providing primary protection to the line section under consideration as
well as back-up to the next line section.
 Three Step Distance Protection
First Step:
 it is not advisable to set the
reach of distance protection
to 100%.
 The first step of distance
protection is, therefore, set to
reach up to 80 to 90% of the
length of the line section.
 This is an instantaneous
protection, i.e. there is no
intentional time delay.
 Three Step Distance Protection
Second Step:
 The second step is required in order to provide primary
protection to the remaining to 10% of the line, which is left
out of the first step. In addition, it is set to cover up to 50%
of the next line section.
Third Step:
 The third step is provided with an intention to give full
back-up to the adjoining line section.
 It covers the line section under consideration, 100% of the
next line section and reaches further into the system.
 The motivation behind the extended reach of this step
is to give full back-up to the next line section in spite of the
maximum under-reach of the third step.
Three Step Distance Protection
Three Step Distance Protection
 Some Important Concept to be kept in mind

Fault Resistance (Arc Resistance):

 Most of the faults involve an arc. The arc is resistive in
nature.
 We have discussed that the distance relay measures the
impedance of the line to be protected. As the impedance
involved is proportional to the length, we can decide the
reach of the according to the distance.
 Now when the fault takes place, the impedance is that of
the line plus the fault impedance (resistance).
 In case of a line-to-ground fault, the fault impedance
consists of the resistance of the arc (flashover at line
insulator) plus tower footing-resistance.
 The result of the arc resistance is the under-reach of relay.
 Some Important Concept to be kept in mind
DC Offset in fault current:
 Consider an electrical system running
with a relatively symmetrical sine
wave where the positive and negative
peaks are equidistant from zero
 A fault is suddenly applied to the
system and the sine wave suddenly
becomes asymmetrical (the positive
and negative peaks are not
equidistant from zero), and then
returns to normal (symmetrical) after
a few cycles.
 The asymmetrical response to the
fault is called DC Offset and it is a
naturally occurring phenomenon of
the electrical system.
Some Important Concept to be kept in mind
•Maximum
  Torque Angle (MTA):
 When a fault occurs the angle between V and
I varies between 70o to 90o depending on the
fault location.
 Hence a directional relay should be designed
for MTA equal to this angle.
 The torque in this case will be, T VIcos(Ø-θ)
where θ is the maximum torque angle (MTA).
 Some Important Concept to be kept in mind

 A directional relay can be compared to a contact

making wattmeter.
 A wattmeter develops maximum positive torque
when the current and voltage supplied to the
current coil and the pressure coil are in phase.
 If we define the maximum torque angle (MTA) as
the angle between the voltage and current at
which the relay develops maximum torque, then a
wattmeter can be called a directional relay with
MTA of zero degree
 Related Problems

Book :
Power System Protection
and Switchgear
Chapter
08
Example 8.1
Example 8.1
Example 8.1
Example 8.2
Example 8.2
Example 8.2
Example 8.3
Example 8.3
Example 8.3
Example 8.3
Example 8.3