Computer Programming

Lecture 7
Instructions in C
Console input/output
Type Conversion, Operator Precedence
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 Agenda
• Comments
• Instructions in C
– Type Declaration
– Arithmetic
• Programs
– Print “Hello World”
• Console input/output
– printf() / scanf()

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 Comments
• Describes the program code
• Written within /* …. */ or // ….
• Helps in understanding the code
• Comments can be split into multiple lines

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Learning - Step 3

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 Instructions
• Each instruction is called a statement
• Statements MUST appear sequentially in the same
order in which we intend to execute them
• Blank space can be placed between words to
improve readability
• All statements are entered in lowercase
• No specific rule for positioning, free form language
• Each statement MUST end with semicolon (;)

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 Types of instructions
• Type Declaration instruction
– Used to declare (announce) type of variable
Examples:-
int i; #declares variable ‘i’ of integer type
float f; #declares variable ‘f’ of float point type
char ch; #declares variable ‘ch’ of character type
int n=10; #declares variable ‘n’ of integer type and assigns an initial value
int n1,n2; #declares two variables of integer type
float f1=10.3, f2; #declares two floating point variable and initializes one of them
int a,b,c;
a=b=c=10; #declaration and initialization all to same value
int a=10,b=a+1; #declaration and initialization (NOTE: Order is important)

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 Types of instructions contd.
• Arithmetic instruction
– Consist of variable name on LHS of ‘=‘
– Consist of variables/constants on RHS of ‘=‘
– Operators could be +, -, *, /, %
• Modes of operation:-
1. Integer mode
2. Real mode
3. Mixed mode

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 Arithmetic Instructions
• Only one variable on LHS
• Modular division operator (%)
– Works only for integer operands
– Sign of remainder is same as sign of numerator
eg. 10%2=0, 5%3=2, -4%3=-1, 4%-3=1
• Arithmetic with characters is possible
• No operator is assumed to be present
eg. 2i+3 is wrong, should write 2*i+3
• No operator for exponentiation
– Can you write a program to find exponent?

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Learning – Step 4

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First C program – “Hello World”

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 Console Input / Output
• printf()
– Prints the output text on the screen
• scanf()
– Reads input from user

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scanf() Example, reading input

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 Type Conversions
• Arithmetic operation between int and int yields an int
• Arithmetic operation between float and float yields an float
• Arithmetic operation between int and float yields a float

• If type of LHS and RHS are NOT equal, then value of

expression might get promoted or demoted
eg. int k; k = 0.2/9, k=?

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 Operator Precedence
• Order in which operators would get executed
– 1st : * / %
– 2nd : + -
– 3rd : =
eg.
4*5–3=?
4*5/4+5–7*2=?

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 Associativity
• When an expression contains two operators
of equal priority, then tie is settled by using
associativity of operator
• Types:
– Left to Right, left operand must be unambiguous
eg. /,*,%,+,- have L to R associativity
– Right to Left, right operand must be unambiguous
eg. ++,-- have R to L associativity

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Questions

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