Applied Research

Methods
Dr. Sahar Awan

SESSION 13: DATA ANALYSIS

Univariate Techniques

1. Testing a single mean

2. Testing 2 related means
- Independent samples
- Paired samples
Univariate Techniques
1. Testing a single mean

Example:
A researcher wants to find out if the average body temperature of
humans is different from 98.6 degrees.
Write down the null and alternative hypothesis
Testing a single mean
University management wants to know if the student satisfaction has
been impacted in the online lecture system. The satisfaction level of
students in regular semesters is 4 (on a scale of 5). So a sample of
students is taken and their satisfaction level is measured.

1) Formulate the null and alternative hypothesis

2) Interpret the results (on next slide)
Univariate Techniques
2. Testing 2 related means
i. Independent samples
ii. Paired samples
Example:
A researcher wanted to see if there is a difference between the
salaries of men and women
A management of the university wants to check whether there is a
positive effect of tutorial sessions on student grades
Testing 2 independent samples
A researcher wants to see if there is an impact of caffeine on student
performance. He gets 2 groups of volunteers and gives one group a
placebo and another group a caffeine pill and then measures there
performance on a test.

1) Formulate the null and alternative hypothesis

2) Interpret the results (on next slide)
Testing 2 paired samples
Athletes are training for a long jump competition. The coach wants to
see if the training has any impact on performance. She takes a group
of students and measures the length of their jump at the beginning of
their training and then again after 2 weeks of training.

1) Formulate the null and alternative hypothesis

2) Interpret the results (on next slide)
Bivariate and Multivariate Techniques
• Regression

• Multiple regression
Regression
A salesperson for a large car brand wants to determine whether
there is a relationship between an individual's income and the price
they pay for a car. The salesperson wants to use this information to
determine which cars to offer potential customers in new areas
where average income is known.

1) What is the DV and the IV

2) Interpret the results (on next slide)
Regression
• Linear Regression
• Ordinary Least Squares
• Coefficient of determination
• Testing moderation models