Effects of Khilafat Movement

• Lucknow Pact 1916 (all its proposals) became controversial.

• Constitutionalist and Westernized leaders like Jinnah and Bal Tilk
relegated to the background
• The AIML weekend.
• Politics of agitation, processions and strikes replaced
• Hindu-Muslims riots doubled after Khilafat Movement
• Left Muslims in complete chaos and disorganization
• Muslim Politics took regional turn
Krishak Praj Party (Bengal
Khudai Khidmatgar (NWFP
Unionist Party (Punjab)
 Simon Commission 1927
• British Govt. constituted a commission in 1927 under Sir John Simon. It had no Indian member on it.
• Purpose was to investigate India’s constitutional problems and make recommendation to British Govt.
on the future constitution of India.
• A faction of ML led by Mr Jinnah boycotted the commission, so did Congress.
• But a faction of ML led by Sir Shafi, who enjoyed support of many politicians from Punjab as well as of British
Govt., extended full cooperation to the Commission.
• The Muslim League was, however, divided on this issue. Muslim League leaders, mainly from the Punjab like
Iqbal and Moulana Hasrat Mohani, under the leadership of Sir Muhammad Shafi, decided to part away for the
Jinnah Group.
Delhi Muslim proposals 1927
• Sind should be separated from Bombay and made an independent province
• Reforms should be introduced in Baluchistan and NWFP on the same footings as in any other
• In the Punjab and Bengal the proportion of representation should be in accordance with the population. In the
Central Legislature, Muslim representation shall not be less than a third, and that also, by a mixed electorate.
• In that case, Muslims are prepared to accept a joint electorate in all provinces so constituted, and are further
willing to make to Hindu minorities in Sind, Balochistan and the NWFP, the same concessions that Hindu
majorities in the other provinces are prepared to make to Muslim minorities.
• It was the first time that the Muslim League had agreed to joint electorates and would not do so ever again.
 Nehru Report 1928
• India should be given Dominion Status with the Parliamentary
form of Government.

• There should be a bi-cameral legislature consisting of senate and

House of Representatives..

• There should be Federal form of Government in India with

Residuary powers to be vested in Centre.

• There will be no separate electorate for minorities. It claimed

“since separate electorate awakens communal sentiments therefore
it should be scrapped and joint electorate should be introduced”.
 Nehru Report 1928
• System of weightage should not be adopted for any province.

• There will be no reserved seats for communities in Punjab and

Bengal. However, reservation of Muslim seats could be possible in
the provinces where Muslim population should be at least ten
percent (strictly according to their population).

• There should be 1/4th Muslim Representation at Centre

• Sind should be separated from Bombay provided it proves to be

financially self sufficient.

• Reforms should be introduced in NWFP and Balochistan

 Jinnah’s Fourteen Points 1929
• Jinnah presented his famous fourteen points , which were amendments to
the Nehru Report, in All parties National Convention which met to consider
the Nehru Report.
• His basic Amendments to the Nehru Report were:
 In the Central Legislature, Muslim representation shall not
be less than one third.
That the residuary powers to be vested in the provinces.
That representation of communal groups shall continue to be
by separate electorates, provided that it shall be open to any
community, at any time, to abandon its separate electorate
in favour of joint electorate.
 Round Table Conference (1930-32)
• RC were a series of conferences to formulate future constitution of India in
the light of suggestions given by the Indian Leaders.
• Congress in 1930, for the approval of Nehru Report and for independence ,
started Civil Disobedience
• When the first Round Table Conference started M.K Gandhi and Jawaharlal
Nehru  were in the jail

• Along with sixteen British members, there were fifty seven representatives
from all Indian
Muslim states and Liberals:
Hindu all parties. Sikikh: Depressed Princely
Leaders: Mahasabha: Classes: States
Tej Bahadur
Sapru, C. Y. Sardar Ujjal Dr Ambedkar
Quaid-e-Azam,
Sir Agha Khan, B. S. Moonje Chintamani and Singh
Muhammad Ali and M.R. Srinivasa Sastri
Jauhur, .Maulvi Jayakar
Fazl Haq and Sir
Muhammad
Shafi.
 In the Round Table Conference there took place a
long and bitter debates on following issues:
1) Number of seats that minorities should be given in various assemblies

The Communal Award (Aug 1932)

The Communal Award came as result of failure of the Indian delegates to resolve
Communal Problems (Minority representation) themselves
• Muslim representation in various Provinces under the Award was as shown in
next slide:
 Seats were also reserved for Sikhs and Depressed Classes (Untochables)
in various assemblies

• Gandhi was outraged on this

• Opposed the separation of
Untouchables from the larger
Hindu Community
• Gandhi undertook fast unto death
for the removal of this reservation
• Gandhi signed an agreement with
Dr Ambedkar in this regard, which
is known as Poona Pact
In the Round Table Conference there took place a
long and bitter debates on following issues:

2) Powers of the all India Centre

Muslims’ and Minorities’ Position

Congress’s Position
Princely States’ Position