Struktur

DNA & RNA

FKIP BIOLOGI UNILA 2021

 Tujuan
1. Menjelaskan konsep Gen, DNA dan RNA
2. Mampu membedakan Struktur dan fungsi DNA dan RNA
Gene Expression
Section of DNA (a
gene) being
transcribed and
translated to
produce a protein.
Essentially turning
genes on and off.

Understanding of how
bacterial genes are
expressed can help
us control disease-
causing bacteria.
● Ekspresi Gen: proses
di mana informasi
yang dikode di
dalam gen
diterjemahkan
menjadi urutan
asam amino untuk
membangun
protein-protein
spesifik yang
menghasilkan sifat-
Using Gene Expression to Control Disease
Staphylococcus & Antibiotic Resistance
● Many strains of Staphylococcus are now
resistant to penicillin.
● One bacterial protein that confers penicillin
resistance is called _________________
(enzyme that cuts up and deactivates penicillin).
● Gene for beta-lactamase only expressed in the
presence of penicillin.
● When the bacteria is not exposed to penicillin,
that gene is turned off and no beta-lactamase
is made.
● Understanding how beta-lactamase gene is
turned on/off, can help us to design a drug to
disable that gene’s expression (turn off the
gene), making penicillin-resistant strains of
Staph again vulnerable to penicillin.
If binary fission creates clones…
● Why isn’t there
just one type of
bacteria?

● How do some
bacteria
develop
resistance
to anitbiotics?
 Increasing Genetic Diversity
Replication Mistakes: _________ of Genes
● Change in the nucleotide base sequence of a genome; rare.
● Almost always bad for organism.
● Rarely lead to a protein having a novel
property that improves ability of
organism to survive and reproduce.
● Staph’s beta-lactamase gene is
an example of a mutation that
was advantageous.
 Increasing Genetic Diversity
____________________________

● Vertical gene transfer –

organisms replicate their
genomes and provide copies to
descendants. Passing on genome
to descendants.

● Horizontal gene transfer – donor

contributes part of genome to
recipient; three types
○ Transformation

○ Transduction

○ Bacterial Conjugation
Meet the Microbe!
● Gram + cocci that occur in pairs or chains.
_________________ __________________
● Blood agar: alpha hemolytic under aerobic conditions
and beta hemolytic under anaerobic conditions.
● 92 different strains, collectively called pneumococci,
are known to infect humans.
● Unencapsulated strains: Those with no
capsule/glycocalyx are normal microbiota of lungs,
sinuses and middle ear of 75% of people. Don’t cause
disease.
● Encapsulated strains: The cells of virulent stains of
S. pneumoniae are surrounded by a polysaccharide
capsule which protects them from being digested by
phagocytic white blood cells.
● The virulent strain can cause:
- Pneumococcal pneumnia
(causes 85% of pneumonia cases)
- Sinusitis and otitis media
- Bacterimia and Endocardidits
- Pneumococcal pneumonia
 Increasing Genetic Diversity
____________________
● Involves the transfer of DNA from one cell to another via a
replicating virus.
● Can occur between prokaryotic cells or between eukaryotic cells.
(The following is an example of transduction in bacterial cells by bacteriophage virus).
Transduction
Increasing Genetic Diversity
 Gen, kromosom,DNA
DNA

DNA terdiri dari

gula pentosa, basa nitrogen dan fosfat
Transformation - Griffith’s Experiments
 Basa
• Dua macam basa
• Purin
• Adenine A DNA RNA
• Guanine G DNA RNA
• Pyrimidines
• CytosineC DNA RNA
• ThymineT DNA
• Uracil U RNA
 Struktur nukleotida
• Nukleotida terdiri
dari:
• Gula pentosa
• Yaitu gula dengan 5
karbon
• Pada DNA gula ini
adalah deoksiribosa.
• Pada RNA gula
beruba gula ribosa.
DEOXYRIBOSE RIBOSE
• Sebuah group fosfat
• Fosfat ini menghubungkan
gula pada satu nukleotida ke
fosfat pada nukleotida
berikutnya untuk membentuk
polinukleotida
• Basa nitrogen
• DNA :
• Timin (T)
• Adenine (A)
• Sitosin (C)
• Guanin (G)
• RNA :
• Urasil (U)
• Adenin (A)
• Sitosin (C)
• Guanin (G)
Perpasangan basa
 PENEMUAN STRUKTUR DNA
Approximate percent
Source A T G C
Ox thymus 26 25 21 16
Ox spleen 25 24 20 15
Yeast 24 25 14 13
Avian tubercle bacilli 12 11 28 26
Human sperm 29 31 18 18

Hasil penelitian Chargaff, 1950

KRISTAL DNA
RESEARCH AND PUBLICATIONS

Difraksi sinar X kristal DNA, Rosalind Franklin 1953

 Ikatan hidrogen

H H H
O H N H
H C N
C
Timin C C C C Adenin
H N
C N N C
H
N C C N
O
H
H

H N
H
Sitosin C C N H
O
H C
C N C
C Guanin
N C H N
N C
O
C N

N
H H
Watson dan Crick 1953
ALTERNATIVE RESOURCES