COVID-19

Done by : Samah Alzahrani

Content

• Introduction
• What is COVID-19?
• COVID-19 Epidemiology
• Virus Structure and Integration
• Mechanisms of SARS-CoV-2-induced Pneumonia
 Introduction

• According to the World Health Organization (WHO), viral diseases continue to emerge
and represent a serious issue to public health.

• In a timeline that reaches the present day, an epidemic of cases with unexplained low
respiratory infections detected in Wuhan on December 31, 2019.

• As they were unable to identify the causative agent, these first cases were classified as
"pneumonia of unknown etiology.
 Introduction
• It has affected not only the healthcare
system but also the global socioeconomic
balances.

• COVID-19 was quickly designated as a

global pandemic by the World Health
Organization.

• There have been about 98.0 million

confirmed cases and about 2.0 million
confirmed deaths, as of January 2021.
• multiple treatment approaches and pharmacological interventions have been tested or are
currently under development to mitigate its risk-factors.

• Recently, some vaccine candidates showed around 95% clinical efficacy, and now
receiving emergency use approvals in different countries.

• The International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV) suggested that this novel
coronavirus was named SARS-CoV-2 due to the phylogenetic and taxonomic analysis of
this novel coronavirus
 What is COVID-19?

• Coronaviruses (CoV) belong to the subfamily Coronavirinae, in the

family Coronaviridae of the order Nidovirales.

• They are a large family of viruses that cause illness ranging from the
common cold to more severe diseases.

• Such as Middle East Respiratory Syndrome (MERS-CoV) and

Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS-CoV).

• Coronaviruses are zoonotic, meaning they are transmitted between

animals and people.
 COVID-19 Epidemiology

• To date, it has been found that all ages are susceptible to COVID-19 infection.

• The possible transmission route of this novel coronavirus is person-to-person,

which includes contact transmission by contacting the nasal, oral, and eye
mucosal secretions of the infected patient.

• Eye exposure also may provide a productive way for the virus to enter the body.

• Recent evidence has also suggested that COVID-19 can be transmitted to unborn
babies through the placenta in utero.
 COVID-19 Epidemiology
It is also reported that droplets from sneezing or coughing can spread up to 6 feet,
emphasizing the 6 feet social distancing criteria.
 COVID-19 Epidemiology

• They can cause common colds and self-limiting upper respiratory infections in
immunocompetent individuals. In immunocompromised subjects and the elderly,
lower respiratory tract infections can occur.

• SARS-CoV-2 belongs to the betaCoVs category. It has round or elliptic and often
pleomorphic form, and a diameter of approximately 60–140 nm. Like other CoVs, it
is sensitive to ultraviolet rays and heat.
• Common signs of infection include:

Fever Cough Shortness Of Breath

• In more severe cases, infection can cause pneumonia, severe acute respiratory
syndrome, renal failure and even death. 
• When a disease is new as COVID-19, there is usually no vaccine until one is
developed.
 Virus Structure and Integration

• CoVs are positive-stranded RNA viruses with a crown-like appearance under an

electron microscope (coronam is the Latin term for crown) due to the presence of spike
glycoproteins on the envelope.

• The entry of SARS-CoV-2 into a host cell is mediated by the S protein.

• Spike (S) protein, which is located on the surface of SARS-CoV-2 is vital for infection
and pathogenesis.

•
 Virus Structure and Integration

• The S protein consists of three subunits, the ectodomain, a single-pass

transmembrane anchor, and an intracellular C-terminal tail.

• The SARS-CoV-2 virus enters the host cell through the interaction of the receptor-
binding S1 subunit with the ACE2 receptor on the host cell surface.

• Human ACE2 receptors are expressed in almost all tissues, and they are most
abundant in the lungs, kidneys, brain stem, adipose tissue, heart, vasculature,
stomach, liver, as well as the nasal and oral mucosa.
 Virus Structure and Integration

• The S2 subunit fuses the host and viral membranes, while facilitating the entry of the
viral genome into host cells.

• This process requires S protein priming by host cell proteases, which leads to S protein
cleavage at the S1–S2 boundary.

• Once the virus enters into a host cell, the synthesis of structural and accessory
proteins begins with transcription and translation processes.
 Virus Structure and Integration

• The synthesis of the new viral RNA genome occurs with the help of RNA-dependent RNA
polymerase, which utilizes the negative stand template.

• The M protein is the most abundant structural glycoprotein and is responsible for the transport of
nutrients across the cell membrane while giving shape to the virus particle.

• The N protein aids in binding the viral RNA genome while maintaining RNA stability.

• The E protein plays an important role in viral release as well as assembly during pathogenesis.
 Virus
Integration
 Mechanisms of SARS-CoV-2-induced Pneumonia

• The viral infection is capable of producing an excessive immune reaction in the host.

• In some cases, a reaction takes place which as a whole is labeled a 'cytokine storm’.

• The effect is extensive tissue damage with dysfunctional coagulation.

• The protagonist of this storm is interleukin 6 (IL-6).

• IL-6 is produced mostly by activated leukocytes and acts on a large number of cells and tissues.

• It is able to promote the differentiation of B lymphocytes, promotes the growth of some

categories of cells, and inhibits the growth of others.
 Mechanisms of SARS-CoV-2-induced Pneumonia

• It also stimulates the production of acute-phase proteins and plays an important role in
thermoregulation, in bone maintenance and in the functionality of the central nervous
system.

• In turn, IL-6 increases during inflammatory diseases, infections, autoimmune disorders,

cardiovascular diseases, and some types of cancer.

• It is also implicated in the pathogenesis of the cytokine release syndrome (CRS) that
is an acute systemic inflammatory syndrome characterized by fever and multiple organ
dysfunction.
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COVID-19
Virus Disinfection
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 References
• Seah, I., Su, X. & Lingam, G. Revisiting the dangers of the coronavirus in the ophthalmology
practice. Eye 34, 1155–1157 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41433-020-0790-7

• Chilamakuri, R.; Agarwal, S. COVID-19: Characteristics and Therapeutics. Cells 2021, 10,

206. https://doi.org/10.3390/cells10020206
•
Cascella M, Rajnik M, Cuomo A, et al. Features, Evaluation, and Treatment of Coronavirus
(COVID-19) [Updated 2021 Mar 1]. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls
Publishing; 2021 Jan-. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK554776/
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