PHYSIOLOGY OF THE AUDITORY

& VESTIBULAR SYSTEMS

 AUDITORY SYSTEMS
THE VITAL SENSES OF HEARING

2
 AUDITORY SYSTEMS
THE VITAL SENSES OF HEARING

3
 AUDITORY SYSTEM
PERIPHERAL AUDITORY SYSTEM

1. EXTERNAL/OUTER EAR
F(x) : Collects & Filters sound
[Mengumpulkan suara & Memfiltrasi
suara serta mengetahui lokasi
datangnya suara]

A. Concha (Bowl of the auricle) :

Resonance 5kHz & Antiresonance 10
kHZ

B. Pinna Flange (Helix) : Alters the

response in 3-6 kHZ

C. Ear Canal (Eardrum) : increase sound

pressure 2-7 kHZ.

4
AUDITORY SYSTEM
THE MIDDLE EAR

5
 AUDITORY SYSTEM

2. MIDDLE EAR
Functions :
1) Impedance matching between air
& fluids (perilymph & endolymph)
of cochlea in the inner ear;
dipengaruhi oleh frekuensi suara
yang ditransmisikan dan dicapai
oleh 3 faktor :
1/ Area membran timpani yang
relatif terhadap oval window
2/ Tuas/Lengan ossicles
3/ Bentuk tympanic membrane

6
 AUDITORY SYSTEM

2. MIDDLE EAR
Cont’d Functions :
2) Acoustic reflex of middle ear
muscle system memiliki :
2 small skeletal muscles :
1/ Tensor tympani attaches to
Malleus f(x) : contracts in response
to loud sound
2/ Stapedius attaches to Stapes
f(x) : contracts in response to
intense sound stimuli

7
 AUDITORY SYSTEM

~ 2. MIDDLE EAR
Cont’d Functions :
3) Connector of middle-ear space
with nasopharynx by Eustachian
tube (Pharyngotympanic tube) :
Ventilating, Equilibrating air w/ atm.
pressure, Draining mucous
secretions, & Protecting from
reflux’s secretions.

A) Transmission of tympanic membrane movement to cochlea via ossicles

B) Inward pressure (arrows) initiates a traveling wave that migrates toward apex of cochlea (toward helicotrema)
8
 AUDITORY SYSTEM

3. INTERNAL/INNER EAR -
Cochlea

1) Scala vestibuli & 2.3) Scala

tympani : fill the rest of the osseous
labyrinth, they separated by Scala
media & filled w/ Na+ (rich)
[Perilymph]

2) Scala media : Cochlear extension

of the membranous labyrinth and is
filled w/ K+ (rich) [Endolymph]

9
 AUDITORY SYSTEM

~ 3. INNER EAR - Hair cells f(x): Important

receptors of hearing and convert sound energy
to electrical energy.
• Stereosilia (berkas serabut aktin yg membentuk pipa
& Masuk ke dalam lapisan kutikular) : sel rambut
sangat penting untuk proses transduksi.

• Membengkoknya stereosilia akibat gerakan

gelombang membran basilaris akan membuka &
menutup saluran ion nonspesifik pd ujung stereosilia

• Menimbulakn aliran arus K+ ke dalam sels sensoris

(Influks) : Depolarisasi intraselular shg kalsium
mengalir ke dalam sel rambut sinaps & menghasilkan
potensial aksi —> serabut n. VIII —> Nukleus
Kohlearis

10
 NERVE SUPPLY OF HAIR CELLS
CENTRAL AUDITORY PATHWAY

a. Inner hair cells are supplied with afferent cochlear fibres.

b. Outer hair cells mainly receive efferent innervation from

olivary complex.

Semua serabut n. VIII berakhir di nukleus kohlearis.

• Dari nukleus kohlea sebagian besar serabut saraf menyilang

batang otak menuju ke nukleus kompleks olivarius superior
kontralateral dan sebagian kecil berjalan ke nucleus kompleks
olivarius superior ipsilateral.

• Informasi dari kedua telinga pertama kali akan berkonversigensi

pada kompleks olivarius superior. Dari kompleks olivarius
superior impuls akan berjalan ke kolikulus inferior.

• Kemudian impuls diteruskan ke korteks auditorius melalui

medial geniculatum body.

• Lalu respons pendengaran dihasilkan setelah di proses dalam

lobus temporal (Brodmann’s area 81)
VESTIBULAR SYSTEMS
THE VITAL SENSES OF BALANCE

13
 VESTIBULAR SYSTEM
• The vestibular system, which contributes to balance and to the sense of spatial orientation,
is the sensory system that provides the leading contribution about movement and sense of
balance.
• Other Functions :
• Maintain posture

• Facilitate locomotion

• Prevent fall with land optimally

• Vestibular system is divided into:

Peripheral - made of membranous labyrinth and vestibular nerve
Central – made of nuclei and fibre tracts in CNS to integrate vestibular impulses

14
 VESTIBULAR SYSTEM
VESTIBULAR LABYRINTH

1. SEMICIRCULAR CANALS (Labyrinth

Kinetic) : Respond to head angular acceleration
& Detects rotational movements
A. HORIZONTAL (LATERAL)
B. ANTERIOR (SUPERIOR)
C. POSTERIOR (INFERIOR)

2. OTOLITHIC ORGANS (Labyrinth

Static):Stimulated by linear acceleration of the
head, incl. the effects of gravity by macula in
UTRICLE
A. UTRICLE : Signal head position realtive to
gravity
B. SACCULE : A low-frequency auditory receptor
- Saccular nerve fibers respond only to linear
acceleration

15
 VESTIBULAR NUCLEI
NEURONAL RESPONSES

1 & 2. Superior & Medial Vestibular

Nuclei (SVN & MVN)
f(x) : menimbulkan gerakan koreksi
dari mata

3. Lateral Vestibular Nuclei (LVN)

f(x) : mengatur gerakan tubuh

4. Inferior Vestibular Nuclei (IVN)

f(x) : mengirimkan sinyal ke
serebelum & formasio retikularis
batang otak

16
 PHYSIOLOGY OF THE NASAL
CAVITY & PARANASAL SINUSES
 NASAL CAVITY
PROTECTION

• FILTRATION
f(x) : first line of defense (filtering large
aerosolized particulate >15micron
• Mucocilliary Clearance (Mucin; IgA) :
principal mode of clearing foreign
matter (Sneeze reflex)
• AIR FLOW REGULATION
f(x) : regulate the inspired nasal airflow
• RESPIRATION f(x) : inspiration &
expiration air

• Fungsi respirasi untuk mengatur kondisi

udara dan penyaring udara

19
 NASAL CAVITY
WARMING & HUMIDIFICATION

• The increase of nasal air temp. :

quickly heated in anterior segment w/
slower heating in posterior.
• Total increase in inspired air temp
from nasal vestibule to nasopharynx
+80C & to lungs +7 0C

• Fungsi humidifikasi dan penyeimbang

dalam pertukaran tekanan udara.

20
 NASAL CAVITY
OLFACTORY SYSTEM

• OLFACTORY
NEUROEPITHELIUM
• Olfactory receptors of CN I
• Fungsi penghidu : terdapatnya
mukosa olfaktorius dan reserfoir
udara untuk menampung stimulus
penghidu.

21
 NASAL CAVITY
RESONATION

• RESONANCE OF SOUND : Konsonan

nasal atau sengau adalah fonem yang direalisasikan
melalui bantuan rongga hidung.

• Dalam kebanyakan bahasa, fonem nasal yang paling

banyak dijumpai adalah

• /m/ (labial atau bibir, dilambangkan dengan huruf

 [m])

• /n/ (dilambangkan dengan huruf [n])

22
 PARANASAL SINUSES
FISIOLOGI

 Menghasilkan dan membuang mukus

 Mengatur tekanan intranasal

 Resonansi suara

 Memanaskan & melembabkan udara

 Bertindak sebagai shock absorben

 Sebagai terminal insulator

 Suhu dalam rongga hidung

 Membantu pertumbuhan dan bentuk muka

 Mempertahankan keseimbangan kepala

PHYSIOLOGY OF THE
PHARYNX & TONSILS
 PHARYNX
PARTS

• NASOPHARYNX
f(x) : airway in respiratory system
• OROPHARYNX
f(x) : airways in RS & as part of
alimentary canal
• LARINGOPHARYNX
f(x) : Swallowing as esophagus f(x) &
prevent food & liquids from entering
the tracea as epiglottis
• During the pharyngeal phase of
swallowing the swallow reflex
induces a laryngeal closure

25
 TONSILS
WALDEYER’S RING

1. Pharyngeal Tonsil (Adenoid)

2. Tubal Tonsil (Eustachian)

3. Palatine Tonsil (Faucial)

4. Lingual Tonsil

• IgA Production : resistance local tissue to

prevent pathogen organism

• IgE : Basophil & Mast cells (Histamin)

• Lymphoid tissue : opsonization & phagocyte

microorganism (Non-spesific)
PHYSIOLOGY OF THE
LARYNGEAL
 LARYNX
PARTS
• The laryngeal f(x): Protection of the
airway during swallowing,
respiration (i.e. maintainance of the
airway) and phonation
1. The laryngeal airway is maintained by
the circumference of the cricoid cartilage. 

2. Phonation is the phylogenetically

recent function of the larynx and was made
possible by the laryngeal descent.
• Sound production is explained according
to the myoelastic-aerodynamic theory. 

28