SOLID WASTE

AND ITS
MANAGEMENT

Made by Sahrish (BS Hons in Environmental Science)

International Islamic University, Islamabad
 WASTE
 It is defined as:
Waste (also known as rubbish, trash, refuse,
garbage, junk) is any unwanted or useless materials.
OR
“Any materials unused and rejected as worthless
or unwanted” and “A useless or profitless activity;
using or expending or consuming thoughtlessly or
carelessly”

Made by Sahrish (BS Hons in Environmental Science) International

Islamic University, Islamabad
Made by Sahrish (BS Hons in Environmental
Science) International Islamic University,
 INTRODUCTION

 Since the beginning, Human kind has been

generating waste.
 It could be in the form of:
 Bones
 Other parts of animals they slaughter
 Wood
 With the progress of civilization the waste
generated became of a more complex nature.
Made by Sahrish (BS Hons in Environmental
Science) International Islamic University,
 At the end of 19th century (Industrial
revolution) there was rise in the world of
consumers.
 The increase in population and
urbanization was also largely responsible
for the increase in solid waste

Made by Sahrish (BS Hons in Environmental

Science) International Islamic University,
 TYPES OF WASTE
 SolidWaste
 Liquid Waste
 Gaseous Wastes
 Animal by-products
 Biodegradable waste
 Biomedical waste
 Bulky waste
 Business waste

Made by Sahrish (BS Hons in Environmental

Science) International Islamic University,
 Chemical waste
 Clinical waste
 Coffee wastewater
 Commercial waste
 Construction and demolition waste (C&D
waste)
 Controlled waste
 Consumable waste
 Composite

Made by Sahrish (BS Hons in Environmental

Science) International Islamic University,
 SOLID WASTE

 Itis defined as:

“Non-liquid, non-soluble materials ranging
from municipal garbage to industrial wastes
that contain complex and sometimes
hazardous substances”

Made by Sahrish (BS Hons in Environmental

Science) International Islamic University,
 Solid wastes also include:
• Sewage sludge
• Agricultural refuse
• Demolition wastes
• Mining residues

Made by Sahrish (BS Hons in Environmental

Science) International Islamic University,
 TYPES OF SOLID WASTE

 Broadly there are 3 types of waste which are as

follows:
1. Household waste is generally classified as
Municipal waste
2. Industrial waste as Hazardous waste
3. Biomedical waste or Hospital waste as
Infectious waste

Made by Sahrish (BS Hons in Environmental

Science) International Islamic University,
 MUNICIPAL SOLID WASTE

 Municipalsolid waste consists of:

Household waste
Construction and demolition debris
Sanitation residue
Waste from streets.

Made by Sahrish (BS Hons in Environmental

Science) International Islamic University,
Made by Sahrish (BS Hons in Environmental
Science) International Islamic University,
 With rising urbanization and change in lifestyle and
food habits, the amount of municipal solid waste has
been increasing rapidly and its composition changing.
 The existing landfills are neither well equipped or
well managed and are not lined properly to protect
against contamination of soil and groundwater.

Made by Sahrish (BS Hons in Environmental

Science) International Islamic University,
 The type of litter we generate and the approximate time it
takes to degenerate

Type of litter Approximate time it takes to

degenerate the litter
Organic waste such as vegetable and fruit
A week or two.
peels, leftover foodstuff, etc
Paper 10–30 days

Cotton cloth 2–5 months

Wood 10–15 years

Woolen items 1 year

Tin, aluminum, and other metal items such as
100–500 years
cans
Plastic bags one million years

Glass bottles Made by Sahrish (BS Hons in Environmentalundetermined

Science) International Islamic University,
 HAZARDOUS WASTE
 Industrialand hospital waste is considered
hazardous as they may contain toxic
substances.
 Hazardous wastes could be highly toxic to
humans, animals, and plants. They are
 Corrosive
 Highly inflammable, or explosive
 React when exposed to certain things e.g. gases

Made by Sahrish (BS Hons in Environmental

Science) International Islamic University,
 Householdwastes that can be categorized as
hazardous waste include:
 old batteries
 shoe polish
 paint tins
 old medicines
 medicine bottles.

Made by Sahrish (BS Hons in Environmental

Science) International Islamic University,
 Hospital waste contaminated by chemicals
used in hospitals is considered hazardous.
 These chemicals include formaldehyde and
phenols, which are used as disinfectants.

Made by Sahrish (BS Hons in Environmental

Science) International Islamic University,
 In the industrial sector, the major generators of
hazardous waste are the metal, chemical, paper,
pesticide, dye, refining, and rubber goods
industries.
 Direct exposure to chemicals in hazardous waste
such as mercury and cyanide can be fatal.

Made by Sahrish (BS Hons in Environmental

Science) International Islamic University,
 HOSPITAL WASTE
 Hospital waste is generated during the diagnosis,
treatment, or immunization of human beings or animals
 It may include wastes like
 Sharps
 Soiled waste
 Disposables
 Anatomical waste
 Cultures
 Discarded medicines
 Chemical wastes

Made by Sahrish (BS Hons in Environmental

Science) International Islamic University,
 These are in the form of disposable syringes, swabs,
bandages, body fluids, human excreta, etc.
 This waste is highly infectious and can be a serious
threat to human health if not managed in a scientific
and discriminate manner
 It has been roughly estimated that of the 4 kg of waste
generated in a hospital at least 1 kg would be infected

Made by Sahrish (BS Hons in Environmental

Science) International Islamic University,
 SOURCES AND OTHER TYPES OF WASTE
Source Typical Waste Generators Types of solid wastes

 Food wastes
1:Residential Single and multifamily  Paper
dwellings  Cardboard
 Plastics
 Textiles
 Leather
 Yard wastes
 Wood
 Glass
 Metals
 Ashes
 Special wastes
(e.g bulky items, consumer
electronics, white goods,
batteries, oil, tires), and
household hazardous wastes.)
Made by Sahrish (BS Hons in Environmental
Science) International Islamic University,
  Housekeeping wastes
2: Industrial Light and heavy  Packaging
manufacturing, fabrication,  Food wastes
construction sites, power and  Construction and
chemical plants. demolition materials
 Hazardous wastes
 Ashes
 Special wastes.

 Paper
3:Commercial Stores, hotels, restaurants,  cardboard
markets, office buildings, etc.  plastics
 wood
 food wastes
 glass
 metals
 special wastes
 hazardous wastes

4: Institutional Schools, hospitals, prisons, Same as commercial.

government centers.

Made by Sahrish (BS Hons in Environmental

Science) International Islamic University,
  Wood
5:Construction and demolition New construction sites, road
 steel
repair, renovation sites,
 concrete
demolition of buildings
 dirt etc.

 Street sweepings
6:Municipal services Street cleaning, landscaping,
 landscape and tree
parks, beaches, other
trimmings
recreational areas, water and
 General wastes from parks
wastewater treatment plants.
 Beaches
 Recreational areas; sludge.

 Industrial process wastes

7:Process (manufacturing etc.) Heavy and light
 Scrap materials
manufacturing, refineries,
 Off-specification products.
chemical plants, power plants,
mineral extraction and
processing.
 Spoiled food wastes
8:Agriculture Crops, orchards, vineyards,  Agricultural wastes
dairies,
Made feedlots,
by Sahrish farms.
(BS Hons  Hazardous wastes
in Environmental (e.g.,
Science) International Islamic University, pesticides).
  
CAUSES OF SOLID WASTE

 The main sources for solid wastes are domestic,

commercial, industrial, municipal, and agricultural
wastes.
 The composition of a city waste is as follows:
 Paper, wood, cardboard 53 %
 Garbage 22 %
 Ceramics, glass, crockery 10 %
 Metals 8 %
 Rubber, plastics, discarded textiles 7 %

Made by Sahrish (BS Hons in Environmental

Science) International Islamic University,
 Composition of City Waste

60%
50%
Percentages

40%
30% Series1
20%
10%
0%
Paper, Garbage Ceramic, metals Rubber,
w ood, glass plastics,
cardboard crokery discarded
textiles
Type of Wastes

Made by Sahrish (BS Hons in Environmental

Science) International Islamic University,
 Theincrease in the quantity of solid waste is
due to
 Overpopulation,
Affluence (material comfort)
Technological advancement

Made by Sahrish (BS Hons in Environmental

Science) International Islamic University,
 EFFECTS OF SOLID WASTE
a) Health Hazard
 If solid wastes are not collected and allowed to
accumulate, they may create unsanitary conditions.
 This may lead to epidemic outbreaks.
 Many diseases like cholera, diarrhea, dysentery,
plague, jaundice, or gastro-intestinal diseases may
spread and cause loss of human lives.
 In addition, improper handling of the solid wastes is a
health hazard for the workers who come in direct
contact with the waste

Made by Sahrish (BS Hons in Environmental

Science) International Islamic University,
b) Environmental Impact

 If the solid wastes are not treated properly,

decomposition and putrefaction (decay) may take
place.
 The organic solid waste during decomposition may
generate obnoxious (intolerable) odors.

Made by Sahrish (BS Hons in Environmental

Science) International Islamic University,
 WASTE MANAGEMENT
4 R’s CONCEPT
 Four Rs (Refuse, Reuse, Recycle and Reduce)
to be followed for waste management.

Made by Sahrish (BS Hons in Environmental

Science) International Islamic University,
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