Unit 1

“Basic concepts of Chemistry”

Prepared by: shakeela

lecturer CON Korangi 5
 Unit #01
Basic concepts of
Chemistry
OBJECTIVES:
• After the completion of this unit student must be able to recognize:
• Define chemistry :
 Matter
 Elements
 Mixture
 compounds

• Discuss importance of chemistry in nursing.

• Enlist types of matter. 3
OBJECTIVES:
• Explain following:
Structure of an atom
Chemical bond
Chemical reactions
Chemical equations
Modern periodic table

Discuss acid base & redox reactions.

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Introduction to biochemistry
Objectives:
At the end of lecture student will be able to:
 Define biochemistry.
 Importance Of Biochemistry In Nursing
 Define matter and describe phases of matter.
 Describe mixtute and its types
 Differentiate Between Mixture And Compounds

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Objectives: Contd….

• Define chemical bond

• Describe types of chemical bond with examples.
• Define chemical reaction and describe its types
• Explain Redox reaction and Acid base  

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DEFINE CHEMISTRY?

• Chemistry is a science that focuses on the composition and properties

between a variety of substances and different forms of matter and their
interaction with each other. Chemistry is also a physical science that
analyzes various atoms, molecules, crystals and other aggregates of
matter.

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What is biochemistry?
Biochemistry:
Biochemistry is the branch of medical sciences which
deals with   the study of the structure and function of
biological molecules such as proteins, nucleic acids,
carbohydrates and lipids and the chemical processes
within and related to living organisms.
It is the chemistry of life.

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IMPORTANCE OF CHEMISTRY IN NURSING:

• Chemistry plays an important role in nursing:

• The definition of chemistry and nursing will help us realize that indeed
the two are interrelated.
• Chemistry in nursing is very important because it will guide the nurses
in understanding the medications that he/she is administering to
his/her patients.

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IMPORTANCE OF CHEMISTRY IN
NURSING: (CONT)
• Understanding of chemistry will enable the nurse why medications
with the same generic names or within the same classification do not
work the same.
• For example, cephalosporin is one antibiotic classification.
Cephalosporins are group of antibiotics that treat a variety of bacterial
infections in the human body. However, each drug within the group
kills specific bacteria. It is therefore vital for nurses to have the
knowledge why specific antibiotics are prescribed by the physician to
his/her patient.
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IMPORTANCE OF CHEMISTRY IN
NURSING: (CONT)
• Chemistry will also guide the nurse understand the present condition
of the patient. Understanding the importance of Sodium (Na),
Potassium (K), Chloride (Cl), Bicarbonate (HCO3), Carbon dioxide
(CO2), Oxygen (O) and other electrolytes in the body will guide the
nurse to identify if patient is experiencing electrolyte imbalance.

• The nurse must be adept in understanding the concept of fluid and

electrolyte imbalance in the human body because patients might be
experiencing metabolic and respiratory acidosis or alkalosis while
under your care because if you do not have the knowledge about these 11
things, the patient might die under your care.
•
IMPORTANCE OF CHEMISTRY IN
NURSING: (CONT)
• It is vital for nurses to have the skills to take care of their patient
emotionally but it is also important to have the necessary knowledge
to interpret data regarding patient condition to treat the physical
symptoms accurately.

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 IMPORATNCE OF BIOCHEMISTRY FOR
NURSES
• Nurse is essential to understand the basic functions of the human body, So
biochemistry will give her information regarding the functioning of the cells at
the molecular level.
• By studying biochemistry nurse will know how the food is digested, absorbed
and used for body building.
• Nurse will also understand how the body gets energy for day today functions.
• Nurse will be able to appreciate the close interrelation between various
metabolic processes taking place in the body.
• Nurse will get a clear insight into immunity and genes from a study of
biochemistry.
• Modern nursing care depends on the laboratory analysis of body fluids
especially the blood. A systematic study of biochemistry will give her the close
relationship between disease manifestation and changes in the composition of
blood and other tissues,hence the demarcation of abnormal from the normal
values of body fluids is the primary aim of the study of biochemistry by the
nurse.. 13
Importance Of Biochemistry For Nurses contd….

• Applications of the basic principles of biochemistry are essential

to the nursing profession. The correct diagnosis, nursing care
plans, treatment, prevention and control of infectious diseases
depend on a sound knowledge of medical biochemistry.
• Biochemistry is perhaps the most rapidly developing branch of
medicine. No wonder, the major share of Nobel prizes in
medicine has gone to research workers engaged in biochemistry
Through biochemistry nurses understand the nature and
functions of vitamins and minerals. Then can describe its rule to
patients for better health.
To give patients the necessary or appropriate dietary advice to
prevent disease and improve health status of patients
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DEFINE MATTER?
Anything that has mass and it occupies space is called as matter.
There are four common states of matter
1). Solid State:
In solid state molecules/ particles are tightly packed with each other and
they possess only vibrational motion about their fixed position. They have
definite shape and definite volume.
2). Liquid state:
In liquid state molecules are not tightly packed with each other. Their
positions are not fixed they can move in any direction. They have definite
volume but not a definite shape. 15
 3). Gaseous State:
• In gaseous state molecules are lying away from each other and
they can move in all directions easily. Gases have neither definite
shape nor definite volume.

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20
 .

Elements, Mixtures & Compounds:

Element: Pure substance consisting of one type of atom. (H, C , N)

Compound: Pure substance consisting of two or more different

atoms. (. H20, CH4)

Mixture: Mixture is composed of two or more different type of

substances.

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Classification Of Matter

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Classification of matter (contd…)

1- Pure Substances:
A pure substance (usually referred to simply as a substance) is matter that has distinct
properties and a composition that doesn't vary from sample to sample.
Water and ordinary table salt (sodium chloride), the primary components of seawater,
are examples of pure substance.
pure substances further devided into,
A-Elements:
A substance that cannot be broken down into simpler substances by chemical means
is called Elements
or
A substanne contain atoms having the same atomic number is called Elements.
Examples: kydrogen(H),Sodium(Na) and Aluminuium etc.

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Classification of matter Contd…

B-Compunds:
A compound is a substance formed when two or more chemical
elements are chemically bonded together.
The elements in any compound are always present in fixed ratios.
Compounds can not be decomposed chemically into their
constituent elements
Example 1: Pure water is a compound made from two elements -
hydrogen and oxygen. The ratio of hydrogen to oxygen in water is
always 2:1. Each molecule of water contains two hydrogen atoms
bonded to a single oxygen atom.
Example 2: Glucose is a compound made from three elements –
carbon ,hydrogen and oxygen. The ratio of carbon ,hydrogen and
oxygen is always 6:12:6(1:2:1).Each molecule contain six carbon,
twelve hydrogen and six carbon atoms. 32
Classification of matter contd…

2- Mixture:
A mixture is a substance made by combining two or
more different materials in such a way that no chemical
reaction occurs and the constituents retain their
properties.
A mixture can usually be separated back into its original
components.
Examples: Examples of mixtures are blood ,urine and
salt water
Examples: mixtures of different substances like milk, soil,
sea water.
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Classification of matter contd…
Types of mixture:
There are two types of mixture:
1-Homogenoius Mixture:
A mixture which has uniform composition and
properties throughout is known as homogenous mixture.
Sometimes homogeneous mixtures are called solutions.
For example,
 Blood plasma
 Air is homogeneous mixture of gases.
 A teaspoonful of table salt stirred into a glass of water also makes
a homogeneous mixture.

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Classification of matter contd…
2-Heterogeneous mixture:
A mixture which do not have uniform composition and properties
throughout is known as homogenous mixture.
Examples:
Blood is a heterogeneous mixture because the blood cells are physically
separate from the blood plasma. The cells have different properties
than the plasma. The cells can be separated from the plasma by
centrifuging, which is a physical change.
A mixture of sand and sugar is a heterogeneous mixture. The grains can
be distinguished from each other with a magnifying glass. There are two
solid phases: the sand grains, and the sugar grains. The mixture can be
separated by washing the sugar out with
Chocolate chip cookies.
Soil 36
39
40
41

ATOM:
the smallest component of an element having
the same chemical properties is called atom.
Examples:

Atom of hydrogen
H
atom of magnesium
Mg
atom of oxygen
O

Cl
atom of chlorine
42
Structure of atom:
43

Atom consist of three particle.

1-Electron:

1-Charge:
 It is a negatively charged particle
2-Magnitude of charge: 
Charge of electron is 1.6022 x 10-19
coulomb. 
3-Mass of electron is 0.000548597
a.m.u. or 9.11 x 10-31 kg.
 
4. Symbol of electron: 
Electron is represented by "e".
  
5. Location in the atom: 
Electrons revolve around the nucleus of
atom in different circular orbits.
Proton:
44

1-Charge: 
Proton is a positively charged
particle.
2-Magnitude of charge:
 Charge of proton is 1.6022 x 10-
19 coulomb.
3-Mass of proton: 
Mass of proton is 1.0072766
a.m.u. Or 1.6726 x 10-
27 kg.Comparative mass: Proton
is 1837 times heavier than an
electron.
4-Position in atom:
Protons are present in the nucleus
of atom.
 Neutron:
45

1-charge: 
It is a neutral particle
because it has no charge.
2. Mass of neutron:
Mass of neutron
is 1.0086654 a.m.u. Or
1.6749 x 10-27 kg. 
3.Comparativemass: 
Neutron is 1842 times
heavier than an electron.
4.Location in the atom: 
Neutrons are present in the
nucleus of an atom.
 ATOMIC NUMBER:
46

Total number of protons present in

the nucleus of an atom is called
"Atomic number" or "Charge
number“ Atomic Number =
Since the total number of protons Number of
and the total number of electrons
in an atom are equal therefore
atomic   number may also be
Protons
defined as:
"Total number of electron in an
atom is called Atomic number"
SYMBOL: It is denoted by "z".
If you look up potassium (K) in the
periodic table, it has an atomic
number of 19, meaning that all
potassium atoms and all potassium
ions contain 19 protons.
 47

MASS NUMBER:
Total number of protons and
neutrons present in the nucleus
of an atom is called "Mass
number".
SYMBOL: It is denoted by "A".
48

• Molecule:
A group of atoms
bonded together,
representing the
smallest fundamental
unit of a chemical
compound that can take
part in a chemical
reaction.
Symbol:
An abbreviation or short representation of chemical element is called symbol.
examples:
Hydrogen……………………………………….H
Sodium…………………………………………..Na
Iron(auryum…………………………………..Fe

Symbol of element may contain one or two English or latian alphabet

 in case o single word the symbol is written as capital word.
When there are two words first is written as capital and second is small.
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Modern periodic law:
• Modern periodic law states that,:
“The chemical & physical properties of all elements are a periodic
function of their atomic masses”.
• In modern periodic table elements are arranged in order of increasing
atomic numbers.
• There are seven horizontal rows called as periods and eight vertical
columns called as groups.

50
Periodic Table:

51
 Chemical formula :
56

Symbolic representation of a
molecule of a compound is called
chemical formula.
Types of chemical formula:
1-Empirical formula :
Empirical formula is the simplest
formula that shows the ratio of each
kind of atom in a molecule. e.g. C2H5
is the empirical formula for C4H10
2- Molecular formula
it shows the actual number of
each kind of atoms in a molecule. e.g.
C4H10 
3-Structural formula
structural formula shows how the
atoms are connected to each other in a
molecule. e.g. CH3CH2CH2CH3

 
Chemical Reaction
• Definition: chemical reaction is aprocess in which new substance with
new properties are formed.
• Eg:hydrogen +oxygen_____ water (new)
• (gas) (gas) (Liquid )
Chemical Reaction:

When two or more then two substances react to form a new substance the process is called
chemical reaction.
Formation of water from oxygen and hydrogen is a chemical reaction represented as,
2H2+02------------2H20
In chemical reaction the products can not be converted back to reactants by ordinary
methods.
Reactant:
Substances which undergo through chemical reaction is called reactants .it may be one or
more then one. in above reaction H2 and 02 is reactants.
Products: substances which form as result of chemical reaction is called products as H20 in
above reaction.
Representation of chemical reaction:
the following rules are used:
1-Reactants are always written on left side.
2-Products are always written in right side
3-An arrow as drawn from react to products.
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Types of chemical reactions
Physical change:
A change in which chemical composition of subspaces do not alter is called
physical change.
For example solution of salt and water is physical change as salt and water retain
their chemical composition.
Physical properties:
properties which are related to physical change is called physical properties.
Example:shape,colour ,smell and volume etc.
Chemical properties:
properties which are related to Chemical change is called chemical properties.
Example: reaction of metals with acid and bases

2 Na + 2HCl 2NaCl +H2

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Balancing chemical equation
 CHEMICAL BOND:

  Chemical bond can be defined as :

 " The force of attraction between two atoms or ions that
hold them together in a unit is called    Chemical Bond".
   Actually chemical bond is the main factor that makes
molecules and compounds. By the interaction of    outer
electrons, great forces of attraction are developed between
two atoms. This force of attraction is    called chemical bond.
TYPES OF CHEMICAL BOND
There are three types of chemical bonds:
1. Ionic bond or Electrovalent bond
2. Covalent bond
3. Coordinate Covalent bond
80
CHEMICAL BOND: Contd….
82

IONIC BOND OR ELECTROVALENT BOND

Chemical bond formed between two atoms
due to transfer of electron(s) from one atom
to the other    atom is called "Ionic bond" or
"electrovalent bond".
EXPLANATION
In ionic bond formation one atom
looses electron(s) and the other picks
it up.The atom that looses the
   electron acquires positive charge
and the other atom which gains the
electron becomes a negatively
   charged particle. Due to opposite
charge an electrostatic force of
attraction is setup between them.
This   force hold these atoms together
in a unit. This force of attraction is
referred to as "CHEMICAL BOND".
PROPERTIES OF IONIC
COMPOUND
1) STATE
Due to strong forces of attraction, all the ionic compounds are exist
in solid state.
2) THERMAL STABILITY
  Ionic compounds have high melting points and boiling points.
3) CONDUCTANCE
They are strong electrolytes.In solid state they do not conduct
electricity.But in molten state and in   aqueous solution they conduct
electricity.
4) SOLUBILITY
Generally ionic compounds are soluble in water and in many polar
solvents.Ionic compounds are insoluble in the organic compounds.
85
PROPERTIES OF IONIC COMPOUND Contd…..

(5) HARDNESS
They are very hard.
(6)REACTIVITY
Generally ionic compounds are very reactive .  
(7) NON-MOLECULAR FORM
Ionic compounds do not exist in the forms of molecules.
Their formula only indicates the number of atoms
  present in the compound.

86
COVALENT BOND

Definition:
Chemical bond formed between two atoms by the
mutual sharing of electrons is known as Covalent bond.
In covalent bond formation each atom provides equal number
of electrons for sharing but no transfer of electrons takes place.
Each electron pair is attracted by both the nucleus.
REPRESENTATION
   Covalent bond between two atoms is represented by a short line
( )

87
 TYPES OF COVALENT BOND
There are three types of covalent bond depending upon
the number of shared electron pairs.  
1) SINGLE COVALENT BOND
2) DOUBLE COVALENT BOND
3) TRIPLE COVALENT BOND
1) SINGLE COVALENT BOND:
A covalent bond formed by the mutual sharing of one
electron pair between two atoms is called a "Single
  Covalent bond."  It is denoted by single short
line(-)  Examples:

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 Development of oxidation and reduction reaction concept

1. Reaction of reduction oxidation based on releasing (lossing)

and gaining of oxygen

a. Oxidation reaction
Oxidation reaction is a reaction of gaining (capturing) of oxygen
by a substance
Example :
CH4(g) + 2O2(g) CO2(g) + 2H2Og)
P4(s) + 5O2(g) 2P2O5(s)

b. Reduction reaction
Reduction reaction is a reaction of releasing (lossing) of oxygen
from a oxide compound
Example:

CuO(s) + H2(g) Cu(s) + H2O(g)

Fe2O3(s) + 3CO(g) 2Fe(s) + 3CO2(g)

92
2. Reduction oxidation reaction based on electron transfer

a. Oxidation reaction (OIL)

Oxidation reaction is a reaction of electron releasing (lossing) from a
substance.
Example:
Na Na+ + e−
Mg Mg2+ + 2 e−
Cu Cu2+ + 2 e−

b. Reduction reaction (RIG)

Reduction reaction is a reaction of electron gaining by a substance.
Example:

Cl2 + 2e− 2Cl −

S + 2 e− S2−

93
3. Reduction oxidation reaction based on oxidation number
change

a. Oxidation reaction
Oxidation reaction is a chemical reaction which is accompanied by increasing
of oxidation number.
Example:
Al(s) Al3+(aq)
S2-(aq) S(s)

b. Reduction reaction
Reduction reaction is a chemical reaction which is accompanied by
decreasing of oxidation number.
Example:

Sn4+(aq) Sn2+(aq)
Cl2(g) 2 Cl-(g)

94
Oxidation Number
Oxdidation number is a number that states electrical charge possessed
by each one element atom in the molecular compound or the ion.

In the molecules of ionic compound, electrical charge contained element atom

can be raised by transfering of electrons.
In the formation of ionic bond:
-Metal atom losses electron to form the positive ion.
-Nonmetal atom gains electron to form the negative ion.
In the molecule of MgF2, consist of Mg2+ ion with charge of 2+ dan F- ion with
charge of 1−
Said that in the molecule of MgF2, oxidation number of Mg is +2, and oxidation
number of F is -1.
In the molecule of covalent compound, the raising of the electrical charge each element
atom is caused by its existence the difference of electronegativity of element, so that
occur polarization covalent bond.
In the polar covalent compound, the more electronegative atom become more negative
charge and the other atom become more positive charge.
In the polar covalent compound of H2O, H contain 1+ and O contain 2−

95
Redox Reaction

In the chemical reaction, oxidation reaction and reduction reaction always occur
together, it is called oxidation reduction reaction abreviated as redox reaction.

In the redox reaction occurs transfering of electrons from the substance that
undergo oxidation to the substance that undergo reduction. Therefore, redox
reaction is also called reaction of transfering electrons

Special charateristic redox reaxtion is the oxidation number change.

 Oxidation : lossing electron, increasing oxidation number.

 Reduction: gaining electron, decreasing oxidation number.

The chemical reaction that does not espoused oxidation number change (increasing
or decreasing in oxidation number) called non-redox reaction.

96
97
Oxidizing Agent (Oxidant) and Reducing Agent (Reductant)

The reactants that involve in a redox reaction can be differentiated into two
kinds, that is oxidizing agent (oxidant) and reducing agent (reductant)

Oxidizing agent (oxidant)

Oxidizing agent is:
 a reactant that oxidizes other reactant
 a reactant that can gain electron
 a reactant that in a reaction undergoes reduction
 a reactant that in a reaction undergoes decreasing in oxidation
number
Examples:
Halogen, F2, Cl2, Br2, I2
Oxygen, O2

98
 •Reducing agent (reductant)
Reducing agent is:

 a substance (reactant) that reduces other substances (reactants)

 a substance (reactant) that can loss electron
 a substance (reactant) that in the reaction undergoes oxidation
 a substance (reactant) that undergoes increasing in oxidation number
Example:
Hydrogen, H2
Ion halides; F-, Cl-, Br-, I-
metals

99
Chemical formula
Definition:Chemical formula of a compound represents the
composition of a molecule of that compound.
Chemical Formula:
• A chemical formula is a notation used by scientists to show the
number and type of atoms present in a molecule, using the atomic
symbols There are three basic types of chemical formula,
the empirical formula, the molecular formula, and the structural
formula.
• Empirical Formula:
. The empirical formula of a compound is the simplest whole number
ratio of atoms of each element in the compound. It is determined using
data from experiments and therefore empirical. For example, the
molecular formula of glucose is C6H 12O 6 but the empirical formula is 101
CH2O.
• Molecular Formula:
. Molecular formulas show the number of each type of atom in a
molecule, and structural formulas show how the atoms in a molecule are
bonded to each other.
E.G: Molecular formula of glucose is C6H12O6

•Structural Formula:
structural formulas show how the atoms in a molecule are
bonded to each other.

102
Chemical Reactions:
• Chemical reaction is any change, which alters the composition of
substances in which one or ore new substances are formed from the
original substance.
• Types of chemical reactions:
• CaCO3 CaO + CO2 ( decomposition reaction)
• CaO + CO2 CaCO3 ( Addition reaction)
• Zn + 2HCL Zncl3 + H2 ( single displacement reaction)
• Nacl + Agno3 NaNo3 + Agcl ( Double displacement reaction)

103
Chemical Equations:
• Chemical equation is short hand nethod of describing the chemical
reaction in terms of symbols and formulas of the substance involved in
chemical reaction.
• The starting substances are called as reactants and always written on
tbe left hand side while products are written on the right hand side.
• 2H2(g) + O2(g) 2H2O (l)
• Where 2 is a co efficient that indicates the no of molecules.
• Chemical equation gives information about the nature of reactants and
products and their relative numbers.
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 Chemical bonds:
• A chemical bond is a bond that holds the atoms together in a molecule of a
compound.
Example: Ionic , covalent & Co ordinate covalent bonds.
• Ionic Bond:
Ionic bonding is a type of chemical bonding that involves the electrostatic
attraction between oppositely charged ions.
• Covalent Bond:
A bond which is formed by the mutual sharing of electrons.

105
106
Redox Reactions:
• An oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction is a type of chemical reaction
that involves a transfer of electrons between two species.

107
Acid Base Reactions:
• Acid base reaction is called as neutralization reaction.
• Acid and base reacts to form salt and water.
• For Example:
• HCL + NaoH Nacl + H20
• HCL is an acid which when reacts with NaoH (base) than salt &
water is produced.

118
ACID

GENERAL DEFINITION
An acid is a substance which provides hydrogen (H+ ) ions in
aqueous(dissolved in water ) solution.
Example: HCl , HNO3 , H2SO4 etc.
DIFFERENT CONCEPTS OF ACID
ARRHENIUS CONCEPT OF ACID:
According to Arrhenius, an acid is a substance, which
provides H+ ions in aqueous solution.
Example:
HCl + H2 H3O++Cl- 
H2SO4  + H2O   H3O+ + HSO4-
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ACID: Contd…

LOWRY AND BRONSTED CONCEPT:

According to Lowry & Bronsted concept, an acid is a
compound or species which donates or tends to donate a
proton .
CH3COOH + H2O  H3O+ + CH3COO-
In this example acetic acid donates a proton to water.
LEWIS CONCEPT OF ACID:
According to Lewis concept, "an acid is a compound or
species that accepts a pair of
electrons."FeCl3, FeBr3, AlCl3 etc. (Lewis acid)
Br- + FeBr3  FeBr4- 120
BASE:

GENERAL DEFINITION
A base is a substance which provides OH- ions in aqueous
solution.Example: NaOH, KOH, NH4OH etc.
DIFFERENT CONCEPTS OF BASE
1-ARRHENIUS CONCEPT OF BASE:
According to Arrhenius a base is a substance which
provides OH- ions in aqueous solution
NaOH  Na+ + OH-
KOH  K+ + OH-

121
Base contd….
2-LOWRY AND BRONSTED CONCEPT OF BASE
According to Lowry& Bronsted concept a base is a
substance or species, which accepts, tends to accept
proton in aqueous solution.
3- LEWIS CONCEPT OF BASE
According to this concept "A base is compound or species
that donate an pair of electron."NH3, OH-, F- etc.

122