MATHEMATICS FOR DECISION MAKING - INDICES AND LOGARITHMS

WELCOME TO THE LECTURE SERIES
ON MATHEMATICS FOR DECISION
WEEK-3 TO 4
05/02/2021 Afzal Hossain (Assistant Professor) 1
COURSE NAME: MATHEMATICS FOR
DECISION
COURSE CODE: BUS-5102

Course Teacher: Afzal Hossain
Assistant Professor
Department of CSE
Army IBA
E-mail:
afzal.armyiba006@gmail.com
Contact: 01920979195

DECISION
INDICES AND LOGARITHMS

&
05/02/2021
MATRICES AND DETERMINANT
Afzal Hossain (Assistant Professor) 4
Definition of Index: An index number is a number which is

raised to a power. The power, also known as the index, tells you
how many times you have to multiply the number by itself. For
example, 25 means that you have to multiply 2 by itself five
times = 2×2×2×2×2 = 32. There are a number of important rules
of index numbers: ya × yb = ya+b
05/02/2021 Afzal Hossain (Assistant Professor)

Rules of Index with Example

y × y = y
a b a+b y ÷ y = y
a b a-b ym/n = (n√y)m
EXAMPLES EXAMPLES
EXAMPLES-
3 ÷ 3 = 3
9 4 5 161/2 = √16 = 4
2 × 2 = 2
4 8 12
7 ÷ 7 = 7
2 5 -3 82/3 = (3√8)2 = 4
54 × 5-2 = 52 (yn)m = ynm
y = 1/y
-b b
y0 = 1 EXAMPLE
EXAMPLES
EXAMPLE 2 = 1/2 = 1/8
-3 3 25 + 84
3 = 1/3
-1 = 25 + (23)4
50 = 1
= 25 + 212

Definition of Logarithm: Logarithm is the important tool of modern
mathematics.
If = n , then x is said to be the logarithm of the number 'n' to the base

'a'. Symbolically it can be expressed as follows: = x.
In this case = n is an exponential form and = x is a logarithmic form.

The object of logarithm is to make common calculations less laborious
and the method consists in replacing multiplication by addition and
division by subtraction.

Definition of Logarithm: Logarithm to the base 'e' is called ‘natural
logarithm’ and when the base is 10, the logarithm is called ‘common
logarithm’.
For example, = 125 → = 3, i.e. the logarithm of 125 to the base 5 is

equal to 3.

Examples:

(i)If 43=64. then log4 64=3 That is, the logarithm of 64 to

the base 4 is equal to 3.
(ii)If 32 =9, them log3 9=2.That is, the logarithm of 9 to
the base 3 in 2.
(iii) If =2, then log 82=1/3. That is, the logarithm of 2 to
the base 8 is equal to
Or, = log82
Or,2=log8
Types of Logarithm :
There are of types

of logarithm according to the base . Such as :
(i) Common logarithm
(ii)
Natural logarithm
Common Logarithm : The logarithm number to the base 10 is

called common or Briggs Ian logarithm. When no base is
mentioned, it is understood to be 10.Generally,we consider the
logarithm to the base 10 in the practical cads .Common
logarithm log10 N is generally written as log N, this logarithm
is more application in Natural logarithm.
Natural Logarithm : The logarithm of a number to the

base ‘e’ (e=2.7182818….). is called sutures logarithm or
Napierian logarithm .At fist John Napier (1557-1610) who
invented logarithms to the set which is used mostly
theoretical purposes. According to his name , this logarithm
is called Napierian logarithm. This logarithm is expressed
as loge N or 1nN.

Characteristics or rules or laws of logarithm: Some of the important
laws of logarithm are discussed in the following: The logarithm of a
product is equal to the some of the numbers to the numbers to the same
base. That is, = log am log an
Proof: let as consider,

log am =x
Or, m=ax……………………(1)
And log an =y
Or, n=ay………….......(2)
Characteristics
or rules or laws of logarithm: Now, From
Equation (1) (2)
m.n=axay
mn=ax+y
Þ= logaax+y
Þ= (x+y)logaa
Þ= x+y [Since logaa=1]
Þ= log am + log an
Characteristics
or rules or laws of logarithm: The logarithm of
the quotient of tow numbers is equal to the difference of their
logarithm to the some base .that is, log)=loglog
Proof: let as consider,
log am =x
Or, m=ax……………………(1)
And log an =y
Or, n=ay………….......(2)
Characteristicsor rules or laws of logarithm: Now, From

Equation (1) (2) =
Þ=
Þlog=log
Þlog=(x-y)log
Þlog=x-y [Since logaa=1]
Þ log=log-log (Proved)NDICES AND LOGARIT

Characteristics
or rules or laws of logarithm: The logarithm of
the number raised to power is equal to the index of the multiplied
by the logarithm of the number to the same- log=n.
Proof: Let, log=x
=> m=
Þ=
Þ=
Þlog=log
Þlog=xn
Þlog=n (Proved)
Characteristicsor rules or laws of logarithm: Change of base: If the logarithm of a

number to any base is given , then the logarithm of the same number to other base can
be determined from following relation. log=
Proof: log=x
log=z
or, m=…………(1) or, a=………….(3)
From equation (1)and(2) we have,
=
logy or,
or,
or, m=…………(2)
or, z.x=y
or, log
or, log (Proved)
Corollary :Prove that log
From equation (1)and(2), we get,
Proof: Let, log or, a=
or, a=
…..(1) or, xy=1
and or, loglog=1
or, log=
log
or,b=
Difference Between Common and Natural Logarithm :

Points of Natural logarithm Common logarithm
difference
Definition The logarithm of the base `e` (e = The logarithm of a namber to the
2.7182818…..) is called natural base 10 is Called Common
logarithm logarithm.
Example Log0 7.389=2 Log101000=3
Symbol Natural logarithm is expressed as Common logarithm is Expressed as
log 0 N or (1nN) log 10 N or logN
Base The base of natural logarithm is e The base of common logarithm is
(e=2.71828) considered as 10.
Inventor At first John Napier (1557 – 1610) At first Henry Briggs (1516-1630)
Example 1 : Simplify

Solution :
==
=
= ==
05/02/2021 21
Example 2 : Simplify
(1)
(2)
(3)
05/02/2021 22

Simplify (1)
Solution : (1) Given,


(2)
(2) Solution
= = =

(3) Given,

=
= =
= =
=

05/02/2021 25

Example3: Show that, +=1

L.H.S= + =1
=+ =R.H.S
=
So, L.H.S=R.H.S
(Showed)

Example4: Simplify

Given,
= =7× =2


Example 5 : L.H.S =
. .
=
=
=1 =R.H.S (PROVED)

÷3
Example 6: Given, ×
=
= ×
= ×
=
= × ×
= =
Example 7 : L.H.S = + +
= +
= +
= + +
= + +
=
=1
=R.H.S (PROVED)
30
Example 8: Given, =
Or, =
Or, =
or, =
or, =
or, x=
= 4x or,
=4 or,
or, x=4 (Showed)

31
Example
10: If , then show that
Solution: Given, + =
=
=
=
=
= 82
Example 11: If x = yz, y = zx and z = xy , then show that xyx = 1.
Solution:
Given, x = yz, y = zx , z = xy
Now, x = yz
or, x = (zx)z
or, x = zxz
or, x = (xy)xz
or, x = xxyz
or, xyz = 1
(proved)
Example
12: If xm = yn = zp and y2 = zx, Prove that (m+p)n = 2mp.
Solution:
Let, xm = yn = zp = k
Therefore, xm = k or x = k1/m
yn = k or y = k1/n
zp = k or z = k1/p
We know y2 = zx
or, (k1/n)2 = (k1/p).(k1/m)
or, k2/n = k (1/p) + (1/m)
or, =
or, (m+p)n = 2mp
(proved)
Example 13: If 2a = 3b = 12c, Prove that ab = c(a+2b).

Solution: or,k2/a x k1/b = k1/c
Let, 2a = 3b = 12c = k or, k2/a+1/b = k1/c
Therefore, 2a = k or, 2 = k1/a ….(i) or,
3b = k or, 3 = k1/b …(ii) or,
12c = k or, 12 = k1/c …(iii) or, ab = c(2b+a)
From the equation (iii), So, ab = c(a+2b)
or, 4 x 3 = k1/c (proved)
or. 22 x 3 = k1/c
or, (k1/a)2 x k1/b = k1/c [From equation (i) and (ii)]
Example 14: If 2m = 4n = 8p and mnp = 288, Prove that,

Solution:
Also mnp = 288
Given, 2m = 4n = 8p
or, 2m = 22n = 23p or, k .
or, m = 2n = 3p or,
or, m = 2n = 3p or, k3 = 288 x 6
Let, m = 2n = 3p = k or, k3 = 1728
Therefore, m = k or, k3 = (12)3
n = k/2 or, k = 12
p = k/3 Therefore, m = 12
n = 12/2 = 6
p = 12/3 = 4

L.H.S =
= R.H.S
Therefore, L.H.S = R.H.S
(Proved)


Example 15: logxy logzylogzwlogwx
Solution: Given, logxy logzylogzwlogwx
= [ logbm= ]
=1

Example 16:

a) logy X2, logz y3. logx =2
b) ++ =1

a)L.H.S.= logy X2, logz y3. logx =2
=..
=..
=23
=2
= R.H.S. [Proved]

b)L.H.S.=++

=+ +
= + +
=1
= R.H.S. [PROVED]

Example 17: Show that,
=
=
=
=
=R.H.S
=
[Showed]
=

Example 18: Show that, =0

=
= R.H.S
[Showed]

Example
19: Prove that
Let us consider,
…………. (i)
…………. (ii)
…………. (iii)
From equation (i) and (iii), we have,
===
(Proved)
Example 22: Show that, =0 where pq =

L.H.S =
=
=
= [∵pq=]
= =0=R.H.S L.H.S =R.H.S [Proved]


Example 23:-Show that,
L.H.S =
=
=
=
∴ L.H.S = R.H.S ( Proved )


Example 24 : Show that,
(i) log()+loglog(xyz)=0
(ii) 7log()+3log()=log 2
(iii) =1

Solution(i): L.H.S= log()+logxyz
= log() xyz)=log 1=0=R.H.S
L.H.S.= R.H.S.(showed)
(ii) L.H.S= 7log()+3log() =log(
=loglog =log()
=loglog =log2
=loglog =R.H.S (showed)
=loglog
(iii) L.H.S =

=
=
=
=
=
=

= =
= =
= =
=
L.H.S=R.H.S (showed)
Example 25: Proved that =
Solution: L.H.S ==
=
=
==
=
=
=
=
L.H.S.
Example 26 : If +=0 and a+b≠0,prove that log(a+b)=(loga+logb+log3)
Solution: Given, +=0
=0
-3ab}=0 [Since a+b≠0]
So, )
2log(a+b)
log(a+b)=(loga+logb+log3) [proved]
Example 27: If = and

Solution: Let, = = m
=m Again,
=> = 4m =m
=> = =>
=> = 4m => = 6m
=> =


Also,

=m
=> => (. (. = 1
=> = 3mk => = 1
=> = => =
=> = 0
=> c =
According to the question, we have,
=> m
[Proved]
Example 28: If x = , then prove that xyz + 1 = 2yz

Solution:
Given, x =
L.H.S = xyz + 1= . . +1
= . + 1= + 1 = =
= = 2 = 2 . . = 2yz = R.H.S [Proved]


Example 29: If x = a and y =a, Prove that = 2
Solution: Given, x = a, y = a
L.H.S. = = =
= = =
==

=
=
=
= = = = R.H.S.
∴ L. H. S = R. H. S. (Proved).

Example 30: If = a, 2n = b and b - a = 4, Prove that n = 512
Solution: Given, a = , b = 2n
and b - a = 4
⇒ 2n - = 4
⇒ - =4
⇒ - =4
⇒ - =4

⇒ =4
⇒ 3log2n - 2logn = 12 log2
⇒- =
⇒ log () =
⇒ log (8n) = log4096
⇒ 8n = 4096 [By omitting log on both sides]
⇒n=
⇒ n = 512 (Proved).

Example 33: If = , show that
Solution: Given,
Þ =
Þ =
Þ = Þ =
Þ = Þ =
Þ = Þ =

Example 34: If , then show that
Solution: Given,
+
=
=
=
=
= 82
Example 35: If x = yz, y = zx and z = xy , then show that xyx = 1.

Solution:
Given, x = yz, y = zx , z = xy
Now, x = yz
or, x = (zx)z
or, x = zxz
or, x = (xy)xz
or, x = xxyz
or, xyz = 1
(proved)
68
Example 36: If xm = yn = zp and y2 = zx, Prove that (m+p)n = 2mp.
Solution:
Let, xm = yn = zp = k
Therefore, xm = k or x = k1/m
yn = k or y = k1/n
zp = k or z = k1/p
We know y2 = zx
or, (k1/n)2 = (k1/p).(k1/m)
or, k2/n = k (1/p) + (1/m)
or, =
or, (m+p)n = 2mp
(proved)

Example 37: If 2a = 3b = 12c, Prove that ab = c(a+2b).

Solution:
Let, 2a = 3b = 12c = k
Therefore, 2a = k or, 2 = k1/a ….(i)
3b = k or, 3 = k1/b …(ii)
12c = k or, 12 = k1/c …(iii)
From the equation (iii),
or, 4 x 3 = k1/c
or. 22 x 3 = k1/c
or, (k1/a)2 x k1/b = k1/c [From equation (i) and (ii)]
or, k2/a x k1/b = k1/c
or, k2/a+1/b = k1/c
or,
or,
or, ab = c(2b+a)
So, ab = c(a+2b) (proved)


Example – 38: Show that, = 5

=
=
=
=
=
=
[Showed]

Example – 39: Prove that,
L . H . S = log 2 ¿ ¿ ¿ log 2 ¿ ¿
¿ log 2 ¿ ¿ =
¿ log 2 ¿ ¿ ¿ log 2 1
¿ log 2 ¿ ¿ =0 = R.H.S
¿ log 2 ¿ ¿ ∴ L.H.S = R.H.S
( Proved )
¿ log 2 ¿ ¿
¿ log 2 ¿ ¿
¿ log 2 ¿ ¿

Example 40: I= a, 2n = b and b - a = 4, Prove that n = 512
Solution: Given, a = , b = 2n
and b - a = 4
⇒ 2n - = 4
⇒ - =4
⇒ - =4
⇒ - =4

⇒ =4
⇒ 3log2n - 2logn = 12 log2
⇒- =
⇒ log () =
⇒ log (8n) = log4096
⇒ 8n = 4096 [By omitting log on both sides]
⇒n=
⇒ n = 512 (Proved).
DECISION
BASIC OF MATRIX
MATRIX
Definition of Matrix : In simple word, matrix is a
rectangular arrangement of numbers in two
brackets. In general word, when the numbers ,
parameters or variables are arranged by
algebraically then it is termed as matrix. On the
other way a matrix is a rectangular array of numbers
arranged in rows and column and enclosed by a pair
of brackets and subject to certain rules of
presentation.

MATRIX

Representation of
Matrix: Where M is Row and N Column
or
or 05/02/2021 Afzal Hossain (Assistant Professor) 77

MATRIX
Properties of Matrix : There are the following some
important properties:
i. If A,B and C are the three matrix of same order, then
A+B=B+A and A+B+C=(A+B)+C=A+(B+C)
ii. According to the subtraction law A-B=A+(-B)
iii. According to the scalar multiplication
K(AB)=AK(B).

MATRIX
Use of Matrix in Economics and Business
i. Determination of national revenue
ii. Analysis of the elements production
iii. Determination of equilibrium price and
quantity in perfect competitive market
iv. Determination of the maximum profit
indicator production

MATRIX

Some Important Concept of Matrix
1) Order: The order of a matrix is the number of row

in first and the number of column in second.
is a matrix of order

MATRIX
Types of Matrix

1) Row matrix: A matrix having only one row is called row

matrix.
is a null matrix of order
2) Column matrix: A matrix having only one column is

called column matrix such as:
is a column matrix of order

MATRIX
3) Null matrix : A matrix having all the elements

0 0 0
are zero is called null matrix. Here A is null Matrix. 𝐴= 0
0[ 0
0
0
0 ]
3 ×3
4) Unit or identity matrix: A square matrix having

the principle diagonal elements are 1 and the other
elements are 0 is called an unit or identity matrix.

MATRIX
5) Diagonal matrix: A square matrix having the

principle diagonal element are different and the

other elements are 0 is called a diagonal matrix
6) Scaler matrix: A square matrix having diagonal

element excepts 1.
6 0 0
𝐵= 0
0[ 6
0
0
6 ]
3 ×3

MATRIX
7) Square matrix: A matrix with the some
number of rows and column is called
square matrix.
8) Symmetric matrix: A square matrix
is said to be a symmetric matrix if the
square matrix does not change due to
interchange rows and column.
,

MATRIX
9) Rectangular Matrix: If the number of rows and

the number of columns of a matrix are not equal then
the matrix is called a rectangular matrix. For example
10) Singular matrix: A square matrix A

𝑎 𝑚 𝑔
[ 𝑔 𝑝 𝑏 ] is said to be singular if the determinant
formed by its elements equal to zero.
For example:
2 1
[ 4 2 ]
= ( 2× 2 ) − ( 4 × 1 )= 4 − 4= 0

MATRIX
11) Non-singular Matrix: A square

matrix A is said to be non-singular if
the determinant formed by its 12) Sub-Matrix: A matrix that is
elements is non-zero. For example obtained from a given matrix by deleting
any number of rows and any number of
2 1 columns is called a sub-matrix of the
[ 4 3 ] = ( 2× 3 ) − ( 4 × 1 )=6 − 4=2
given matrix. For example:

is Sub Matrix of

MATRIX
13) Equal Matrix: If and only if the
order of the two matrices are equal is the
14) Transpose of a Matrix: If the
number of rows and columns are equal
columns of a given matrix A are changed
and its corresponding elements are equal
then the two matrices will be equal. Such into rows or the rows are changed into
as the two matrix columns, the matrix thus formed is called
the transpose of the matrix A and it is
andare equal if a11=b11.a12=b12.a21=b21 generally denoted by
and a22=b22
If A= then =

MATRIX
15) Skew-Symmetric Matrix: A square
matrix A is called skew-symmetric 16) Involuntary Matrix: A square
if = – A. matrix A is called involuntary matrix
provided it satisfies the relation = I,
then= where = – A where I is the identity matrix.
If A= then
=A×A= ×
=
= =I

MATRIX
18) Nilpotent Matrix: A square matrix A is
17)Idempotent Matrix: A square matrix
A is called idempotent matrix called nilpotent matrix of order
provided it satisfies the relation =A. m provided it satisfies the relation =0 and
≠0 , where m is a
If then positive integer and 0 is the null matrix.
If A= then
= =A
=A×A= ×
=
= =0

MATRIX
19)A matrix, which is formed by the co-factors of
the corresponding elements, is called co-factor
matrix and is denoted by . If A= then = . Co-
The minor of an element is defined
factor of any element () = × its minor (), as a determinant by omitting the
where i = number of row and the column containing the
row and j = number of column. element. Thus, a minor is the
determinant of the sub matrix
Finally , Co-factor of = × (). formed by deleting the i-th row and
j-th column of the matrix.

MATRIX
If
A= , Then Find The Co-factor of A
Co-factor of = × Co Factor Matrix of A is =

×[(3 ×5)-(3 ×2)]
=1(15-6)=9
Co Factor Matrix of A is =
Co-factor of = ×
×[(4 ×5)-(4 ×2)]
=-1(20-8)=-12

MATRIX
If

×[(4 ×3)-(4 ×3)]
=1(12-12)=0
Co-factor of = ×
×[(1 ×5)-(3 ×3)]
=-1(5-9)=4

MATRIX
If

×[(2 ×5)-(4 ×3)]
=1(10-12)=-2
Co-factor of = ×
×[(2 ×3)-(4 ×1)]
=-1(6-4)=-2

MATRIX
If

×[(1 ×2)-(3 ×3)]
=1(2-9)=-7
Co-factor of = ×
×[(2 ×2)-(4 ×3)]
=-1(4-12)=8

MATRIX
If

×[(2 ×3)-(4 ×1)]
=1(6-4)=2

Final Co Factor Matrix of A is =

MATRIX
20) Adjoint Matrix: The Adjoint matrix is the
transpose of the co-factor matrix, that is
adj of A = =

If A= , Then Find The Adjoint of A
To find the adjoint of A –

1) Find Cofactor of A ()
2) Then calculate the Transpose of

MATRIX
If

×[(3 ×5)-(3 ×2)]
=1(15-6)=9
Co-factor of = ×
×[(4 ×5)-(4 ×2)]
=-1(20-8)=-12

MATRIX
If

×[(4 ×3)-(4 ×3)]
=1(12-12)=0
Co-factor of = ×
×[(1 ×5)-(3 ×3)]
=-1(5-9)=4

MATRIX
If

×[(2 ×5)-(4 ×3)]
=1(10-12)=-2
Co-factor of = ×
×[(2 ×3)-(4 ×1)]
=-1(6-4)=-2

MATRIX
If

×[(1 ×2)-(3 ×3)]
=1(2-9)=-7
Co-factor of = ×
×[(2 ×2)-(4 ×3)]
=-1(4-12)=8

MATRIX
If

×[(2 ×3)-(4 ×1)]
=1(6-4)=2


Now Adjoint of A is = =

MATRIX
21) Orthogonal Matrix: A square matrix A is called an

orthogonal matrix if A = A = I , where I is an identity

matrix and is the transpose matrix of A.

DECISION
EXAMPLE OF MATRIX
MATRIX
Example-1: If A= and B = , show that (A+B)2 =A2 + B2,
Solution: Given, A = , B = ,
A2 = AA =
=
= =
MATRIX
B2=B B= , (A+B)2 = (A+B) (A+B)
= =
=
= =
A+B = +
L.H.S= (A+B)2 =
=
=
MATRIX
R.H.S = A2 + B2 = +
= =
⁘ L.H.S = R.H.S (Showed)

MATRIX

Example-2: If A = and B = Show that
(i) (A+B)T = AT + BT (ii) (AB)T =BT AT

Solution : Given, A=
and B=
MATRIX

⁘ AT = =
BT = =
MATRIX

A+B = +
= =

MATRIX

AB =
= =
MATRIX

(i) L.H.S = (A+B)T
= =
R.H.S = AT + BT
= + =
⁘ L.H.S = R.H.S (shown)

MATRIX

(ii) L.H.S = (AB)T
= =
R.H.S = BT AT
=
MATRIX
=
=
⁘ L.H.S = R.H.S (Shown).

MATRIX

Example -3: If B = , Show that B3 = B,
Solution: Given, B =
MATRIX

⁘ B2 = BB
=
= =
MATRIX

⁘ L.H.S= B3 = B2 × B
=
=
= = B =R.H.S
⁘ L.H.S = R.H.S. (Shown).

MATRIX

Example-4 : If A= and B= , Find D Where A+B-D=0
117
MATRIX

Solution: Given, A = B=
According to the question, we have, A+B-D=0
=+ −=
118
MATRIX

=+ − =
= - =
119
MATRIX

= =
= =
120
MATRIX

∴𝐷= =
Math 10: If B= and +3B+A=0 (Null matrix), find the matrix A.
121
MATRIX
Example-5: If B= and +3B+A=0 (Null matrix), find the matrix

A.
122
MATRIX

Solution: Given B= and + 3B + A=0
= B × B+ 3B+A = 0
=> +3 + A =
=> + + A =
123
MATRIX

=> + + A =
=> A = - -
=> A=
=> A=
124
MATRIX
Example-6: Find A and B, where A + B = and A - B =

Solution:
Given,
A+B= ---------------- (i)
A-B= ---------------- (ii) Adding (i) and (ii) we have,
2A = +
2A =
A=
MATRIX
Subtracting (ii) from (i) we have,

2B = -
2B =
B=
Finally we get,
A=
B=

MATRIX
Eample-7: Find the value of x, y, z and t where

2 +3 =3
Solution
Given, 2 +3 =3
=> + =
=> =

MATRIX
By equating corresponding terms on both sides, we get
1. 2x+3=9 => 2x=6 => x=3
2. 2y=12 => y=6
3. 2z–3=15 => 2z=18 => z=9
4. 2t+6=18 => 2t=12 => t=6

Finally we get,
x = 3, y = 6, z = 9, t = 6
(Ans.)

MATRIX
Example-8: If =0
Show that, y = -2 ±
Solution
Given, =0
=0
=0

MATRIX
=> 2y² + 4y + 4y + 8 – 12 = 0
=> 2y² + 8y – 4 = 0
=> y² + 4y – 2 = 0
By using the quadratic formula, we have,
y= [Here, a= 1, b= 4, c= -2]
= = = = =
[Shown.]

MATRIX
Example 9: If A= and B= , show how that AB=Null matrix

Solution: Given,
A= and B=
AB = ×
=
= ;


MATRIX
=

= = Null matrix
So, AB= Null Matrix (Shown)

MATRIX
Example 10: Show that A= is an orthogonal matrix

Solution: Given, A=
We know that A is an orthogonal Matrix if A = A = I (unit matrix)

MATRIX
Now A =

=
=
=×9
=

MATRIX
=

A =I………….(i)
Again A =
=

MATRIX
=

= =I
A =I…………. (ii)
Prom equation (i) and (ii), we have A = A = I
Hence, A is an orthogonal matrix.

MATRIX
Inverse Matrix: Inverse Matrix Calculate
using following formula- =
Example 11: If A= , Then Find The Inverse of A
To find the adjoint of A –

1) Find Cofactor of A ()
2) Then calculate the Transpose of
3) Then calculate the Determinant of A

MATRIX
If

×[(3 ×5)-(3 ×2)]
=1(15-6)=9
Co-factor of = ×
×[(4 ×5)-(4 ×2)]
=-1(20-8)=-12

MATRIX
If

×[(4 ×3)-(4 ×3)]
=1(12-12)=0
Co-factor of = ×
×[(1 ×5)-(3 ×3)]
=-1(5-9)=4

MATRIX
If

×[(2 ×5)-(4 ×3)]
=1(10-12)=-2
Co-factor of = ×
×[(2 ×3)-(4 ×1)]
=-1(6-4)=-2

MATRIX
If

×[(1 ×2)-(3 ×3)]
=1(2-9)=-7
Co-factor of = ×
×[(2 ×2)-(4 ×3)]
=-1(4-12)=8

MATRIX
If

×[(2 ×3)-(4 ×1)]
=1(6-4)=2


Now Adjoint of A is = =

MATRIX
Calculating
the Determinant of =
Determinant of = 2× - 1 × +3 ×
[(3 ×5)-(3 ×2)]-1 ×[(4 ×5)-(4 ×2)]+ 3×[(4 ×3)-(4 ×3)]
=2(15-6)-1(20-8)+3(12-12)
=18-8+0=10

Now Inverse of A is == =

MATRIX
Cramer’s Rule and Its use in the Solution of Equations : Cramer’s rule is a
simple rule using determinants to express the solution of a system of linear
equations for which the number of equations is equal to the number of variables.
This rule states
Where is the i-th unknown variable in a series of equations, D is the determinant

of the coefficient matrix, and is the determinant of a special matrix formed from
the original coefficient matrix by replacing the column of
coefficients of with the column vector of constants. Thus, Cramer’s rule can be
fruitfully applied in case D ≠ 0 .

MATRIX
Cramer’s Rule and Its use in the Solution of Equations :

Example-: Solve the following system of equations by using
Cramer’s Rule-
5x-6y+4z=15
7x+4y-3z=19
2x+y+6z=46

MATRIX
Solution: Given
5x-6y+4z=15
7x+4y-3z=19
2x+y+6z=46
Now, D= =419, =1257, =1676

And =2524

MATRIX
Solution: From Cramer’s Rule We Know , ===

Now, = =
Again, = =
And = =
Finally: (x, y, z)=(3, 4, 6)

MATRIX
Solution of Linear Equations by Using Inverse of Matrix: if the linear equations
are:
x- y+ z=
x- y+ z=
x- y+ z=
Then.
= where A= , and B=

MATRIX
Solution of Linear Equations by Using Inverse of Matrix: if the linear equations
are:
= where A= , and B=
And that can be written as AX=B or, X= B

MATRIX
Assignment : Solve the following equations

using inverse matrix-
5x-6y+4z=15
7x+4y-3z=19
2x+y+6z=46

DECISION
BUSINESS APPLICATION OF
MATRIX
MATRIX
Example-1: Keya cosmetics Ltd produced Keya soup , Keya powder and
Keya lotion which sells in two markets. Annual sales volume are indicated as
follows: Product Keya soup Keya powder Keya lotion
Market
A 5000 1000 9000
B 3000 10000 4000
I. If unit sales prices of Keya soap, Keya powder and Keya lotion are Tk.
5.00, Tk. 2.50 and Tk. 3.00 respectively, find the total revenue in each
market with the help of matrix algebra.
II. If the unit costs of the above 3 commodities are Tk. 3.60 , Tk. 2.40 and
Tk. 1.60 respectively, find the gross profit by using matrix algebra.
152
MATRIX

Solution :
Let,
Q= Quantity matrix of Keya cosmetics, P= Price matrix ,C= Cost matrix.
Q= ,P= , C=
153
MATRIX

I. Total revenue= TR= Q× P=
=
=
This is the total revenue in market A= 54,500 TK.
& the total revenue in market B= 52,000 TK. 154
MATRIX

II. Total cost , TC= Q× C=
=
=
That is , the total cost in market A = 34800 TK.
And the total cost in market B= 41200 TK.
155
MATRIX

Gross profit, GP= TR-TC=
=
=
That is, the gross profit in market A= 19700 TK.
And the gross profit in market B = 10800 TK.
Hence, the total gross profit in two market = (19700+10800) TK = 30500 TK

156
MATRIX
Example-2: A trust fund has TK 50000 that is to be invested into

two types of bonds. The first bond pays 5% interest per year and
the second bond pays 6% interest per year. Using matrix algebra,
determine how to divide TK 50000 among the two types of bonds
so as to obtain an annual interest of TK 2780.
157
MATRIX

Solution:
Let, TK x and TK ( 50000-x) be invested into two types of bonds respectively.
Suppose A= Investment matrix ,B= Interest matrix
We have, A= ,
B=
158
MATRIX

Total interest, AB= = 0.05x+ 3000 -0.06x
= 3000- 0.01x
Total interest, AB= 2780
3000-0.01x = 2780
3000-2780= 0.01x
220= 0.01x

159
MATRIX
 0.01x =220
 X= 220/0.01=22000
Hence , the first investment = TK 22000 and the second investment
= ( 50000- 22000) TK.
=28000 Tk.
160
MATRIX
Example-3: A company has 4 factories. Each factory employs manager,
foreman and skilled workers as follows:
Factory
Staff A B C D
Managers 1 2 1 1
Foremen 4 6 3 4
Workers 8 96 67 75
If each manager is given Tk. 350, each foremen Tk. 275, each
worker Tk.200 then what is the
Payroll of each factory?
161
MATRIX
Solution: Let, Staff matrix = S and Salary matrix = Y


S=
Y=
162
MATRIX
Payroll matrix = SY

=
=
163
MATRIX
Example-4: The prices of 3 commodities X, Y and Z in a shop are

Tk. 20, Tk. 17 and Tk. 3 respectively. Customer Mr. Nafis 28 unit of
X, 15 units of Y and 14 units of Z. Customer M. Shimul buys 12
units of X, 15 units of Y and 13 units of Z. Show in matrix notations,
the price of the commodities, quantities bought and the amount
spent.
164
MATRIX

Solution: Let, P= Price matrix, Q= Quantity
matrix,
Q=
P =
165
MATRIX
Amount spent matrix,

QP =
166
MATRIX
Example-5: In Dhaka City there are 20 colleges and 50 schools. Each school
and college has 1 peon, 5 clerks, 1 cashier. Each college, In addition has 1
accountant and 1 head clerk. The monthly salary of each of them is as follows.
Peon Tk. 1500, Clerk Tk. 2500, Cashier Tk. 3000, Accountant Tk. 3500 and
head Clerk Tk. 4000.By using matrix notation, find:
I. The total member of posts of each kind in schools and colleges taken together
II.The total monthly salary bill of each school and college separately
III.The total monthly salary bill of all the schools and colleges taken together
167
MATRIX

Solution: Let, Academic institution
matrix=A
Staff matrix= S, Salary matrix= Y
According to the question, we have
A = S= Y= 168
MATRIX

I. AS=
=
=
That is ,
The total number of peons= 70,The total number of clerks= 350,The total
number of cashier = 70,The total number of accountants= 20,The total number
of head clerks= 20

169
MATRIX

II. SY=
==

That is, the total monthly salary of college = 24500
TK,
The total monthly salary of school = 17000 TK. 170
MATRIX

III. A(SY)
=
=490000+850000
=1340000
Hence, the total monthly salary of all the schools and college
taken together= 1340000 TK.
171
MATRIX
Exampe-6: Three customers buy cold drinks of different brands

such as Sprite, Uro-Cola, Coca-Cola. The first customer buys 12
bottles of sprite, 5 bottles of Uro-Cola, 3 bottles of Coca-Cola.
The second customer buys 4 bottles of sprite, 6 bottles of Uro-
Cola, 9 bottles of Coca-Cola. Represent the information in the
form of a matrix. If each bottle of Sprite costs Tk. 4, each bottle
of Uro-Cola costs Tk. 5, each bottle of Coca-Cola costs Tk. 6,
then using matrix operation find the total sum of money spent
individually by the three customers for the purchase of cold
drinks.
MATRIX

Solution:
Let, Q = Quantity matrix of Cold drink
P = Price Matrix
Sprite Uro-coca Coca-
According1 to the Question,

Cola
Where, C1 = 1st Customer
2 C2 = 2nd Customer
Q= 3
C3 = 3rd Customer
P=

MATRIX

The total money matrix = QP = ×
1
2
3

MATRIX & DETERMINANT
Hence, for the purchase of Cold Drinks,

The total sum of money spent by the first customer = Tk. 91.
The total sum of money spent by the second customer = Tk. 106.
The total sum of money spent by the third customer = Tk. 113.

MATRIX
Example-7: A Trucking company owns

three types of truck T1, T2, T3, which are TRUCK TYPES
MACHINES
equipped to ant three different types of
T1 T2 T3
machines per load as shown here
M1
How many trucks of each type should be 2 3 4
used to carry exactly 29 of type M1 M2
1 1 2
machine, 13 of type M2 machine & 16 of
type M3 machine? Assume that each truck M3
3 2 1
is fully loaded.

MATRIX

Solution:
Let, the number of trucks T1, T2 and T3 are x, y, z
respectively. The given information can be written as the
following simultaneous linear equations.

MATRIX

Determination of x, y, z by using matrix method:

The above system of equations can be written in matrix form as:
2 3 4 𝑥 2 9
1 1 2 𝑦 13
3 =2 1 𝑧 16
Let, A = , X = and B =
∴ AX = B
or, X = A-1B ………(i)

MATRIX

We know, A-1 =
Here, |A| =
=2 -3 +4
= 2 (1-4) - 3 (1-6) + 4 (2-3)
= 2 (-3) -3 (-5) +4 (-1)
= -6 + 15 – 4
=5

MATRIX

And adj A = (Cofactor matrix of A) t
- -
= - -
- -
t
= =
−3 5 −1 −3 5 2
5 −10 5 5 −10 0
2 0 −1 −1 5 −1

MATRIX
−3 5 2

∴ A-1 = = 5 −10 0
−1 5 −1
From equation (i), we get, X =
−3 5 2
or, = 5 −10 0
−1 5 −1
−87 65 32
145 −130 0
−29 65 −16

MATRIX
1 0
or, =
15
or, = 20
2
Hence, the required number of trucks T1, T2 and T3 are 2, 3 and 4 respectively.
3
4

MATRIX
Example-8: Mr. Atam Hossain has two investments. He gets

4% invest from one investment and 5% from another
investment. Then he gets an annual return of Tk. 370. If 4%
investment gives 5% and 5% gives 4%, then the annual
return will be Tk. 350. Find the total investment by using
matrix method.

MATRIX
Solution:
Let, the first investment = x and the second investment = y.
The given information can be written as the following
simultaneous linear equations.
0.04x + 0.05y = 370
0.05x + 0.04y = 350

MATRIX

Determination of x and y by using matrix method:
The above system of equation can be written in matrix form as:
=
Let A = , X= and B =

∴ AX = B
or, X = A-1B………. (i)
We know, A-1 =

MATRIX

Here, =
= (0.04×0.04) – (0.05×0.05)
= 0.0016 – 0.0025
= 0.0009
And, adj A = (Cofactor matrix of A) t
= =
∴ A-1 = =

MATRIX

From equation (i), we get,
X =
or, =
or, =
or, =
So, the first investment = Tk. 3,000 and the second investment = Tk. 5,000.
Total investment = Tk. (3000 + Tk. 5000) = Tk. 8000.

MATRIX
Example-9: To control certain crop disease, it is necessary

to use 8 units of chemical A, 14 units of chemical B and 13
units of chemical C. One barrel of spray P contains one unit
of A, 2 units of B and 3 units of C. One barrel of spray Q
contains 2 units of A, 3 units of B and 2 units of C. One
barrel of spray R contains one unit of A, 2 units of B and 2
units of C. how many barrels of each type of spray should
be used to control the disease?

MATRIX
Solution:
Let, x, y and z barrels of spray P, Q, R respectively
be used to control the disease. The given
information can be written as the following
simultaneous linear equations.

MATRIX

x +2y+ z = 8
2x+3y+2z = 14
3x+2y+2z = 13
Determination of x, y, z using matrix method.
=
Let, A = ,X= and B =

MATRIX

∴ AX = B
or, X = A-1B………. (i)
We know, A-1 =
Here, =
=1 -2 +1
= (6-4) - 2(4-6) + 1(4-9)
= 2+ 4 – 5
=1

MATRIX

t
- -
= - -
- -
= =
t

MATRIX

∴ A-1 =
X=
or, =
So, 1 barrel of the spray P
2 barrel of the spray Q
3 barrel of the spray R, should be used to control the disease.

MATRIX
Example-10: The prices of rice, potato and wheat are as x, y

and z per kg respectively. Mr. Rahim purchases 5kg of rice and
sells 2kg of wheat and 1 kg potato. Mr. Babul purchases 3kg of
potato and sells 1kg of rice and 2kg of wheat. Mr. Zaman
purchase 3kg of rice and sells 2kg of potato and 1kg of wheat.
In the process Mr. Babul and Mr. Zaman earn Tk. 64, 14 and 7.
Find the price of rice, potato and wheat.

MATRIX
Solution:
The given information can be written as the following
simultaneous linear equation. 5x- y -2z = 64
-x+3y-2z = 14
3x-2y - z = 7

MATRIX

Determination of x, y, z by using matrix method.
=
Let, A = , X = , B =

∴ AX = B
or, X = A-1B………(i)
We know, A-1 =

MATRIX

Here, =
=5 -2 -2
= 5(-3-4) + 1(1+6) -2(2-9)
= - 35 + 7 + 14
= -14

MATRIX

t
- -
= - -
- -
= =
t

MATRIX

∴ A-1 = = -
From equation (i) we get, X =
or, =

MATRIX

or, =

Hence the prices of rice, potato and wheat are Tk. 25, Tk. 25 and Tk. 18
respectively.

THANK YOU

MATHEMATICS FOR DECISION MAKING - INDICES AND LOGARITHMS

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WELCOME TO THE LECTURE SERIES

ON MATHEMATICS FOR DECISION

COURSE CODE: BUS-5102

05/02/2021 Afzal Hossain (Assistant Professor) 2

05/02/2021 Afzal Hossain (Assistant Professor) 3

COURSE CODE: BUS-5102

INDICES AND LOGARITHMS

Definition of Index: An index number is a number which is

05/02/2021 Afzal Hossain (Assistant Professor)

Rules of Index with Example

If = n , then x is said to be the logarithm of the number 'n' to the base

In this case = n is an exponential form and = x is a logarithmic form.

For example, = 125 → = 3, i.e. the logarithm of 125 to the base 5 is

05/02/2021 Afzal Hossain (Assistant Professor)

(i)If 43=64. then log4 64=3 That is, the logarithm of 64 to

There are of types

(i) Common logarithm

Common Logarithm : The logarithm number to the base 10 is

Natural Logarithm : The logarithm of a number to the

Proof: let as consider,

Þ= x+y [Since logaa=1]

Characteristicsor rules or laws of logarithm: Now, From

Þlog=x-y [Since logaa=1]

Þ log=log-log (Proved)NDICES AND LOGARIT

Characteristicsor rules or laws of logarithm: Change of base: If the logarithm of a

Difference Between Common and Natural Logarithm :

Solution : (1) Given,

05/02/2021 Afzal Hossain (Assistant Professor) 23

05/02/2021 Afzal Hossain (Assistant Professor) 24

05/02/2021 Afzal Hossain (Assistant Professor) 26

05/02/2021 Afzal Hossain (Assistant Professor) 27

05/02/2021 Afzal Hossain (Assistant Professor) 28

or, x=4 (Showed)

Example 11: If x = yz, y = zx and z = xy , then show that xyx = 1.

Example 13: If 2a = 3b = 12c, Prove that ab = c(a+2b).

Example 14: If 2m = 4n = 8p and mnp = 288, Prove that,

Therefore, L.H.S = R.H.S

05/02/2021 Afzal Hossain (Assistant Professor) 37

Solution: Given, logxy logzylogzwlogwx

05/02/2021 Afzal Hossain (Assistant Professor) 38

a) logy X2, logz y3. logx =2

05/02/2021 Afzal Hossain (Assistant Professor) 39

a)L.H.S.= logy X2, logz y3. logx =2

05/02/2021 Afzal Hossain (Assistant Professor) 40

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Example 17: Show that,

05/02/2021 Afzal Hossain (Assistant Professor) 42

Example 18: Show that, =0

05/02/2021 Afzal Hossain (Assistant Professor) 43

Example 22: Show that, =0 where pq =

05/02/2021 Afzal Hossain (Assistant Professor) 45

∴ L.H.S = R.H.S ( Proved )

= log() xyz)=log 1=0=R.H.S

(ii) L.H.S= 7log()+3log() =log(

Example 25: Proved that =

Solution: Given, +=0

Example 27: If = and

05/02/2021 Afzal Hossain (Assistant Professor) 56

Example 28: If x = , then prove that xyz + 1 = 2yz

= = 2 = 2 . . = 2yz = R.H.S [Proved]

05/02/2021 Afzal Hossain (Assistant Professor) 58

Example 35: If x = yz, y = zx and z = xy , then show that xyx = 1.

Example 36: If xm = yn = zp and y2 = zx, Prove that (m+p)n = 2mp.