HYDRAULICS

HYDRAULICS
DAC
DAC 21003
21003

1
1.0
1.0 Introduction
Introduction

This subject is focus on scientific study related to fluid

flow in closed conduit (e.g pipe) and open channel
(e.g river).

2
1.0
1.0 Introduction
Introduction
Cont’d
Fluid engineering applications is enormours; which are flow
in pipelines and channels, movements of air and blood in
the body, air resistance, wind loading on buildings, motion
of projectiles, jets, shock waves, lubrication, combustion
and irrigation.
The knowledge of fluid mechanics and hydraulics is
required to properly design water supply systems,
wastewater treatment facilities, spillways, pumps, turbines,
air conditioning systems and etc.
3
 1.0
1.0 Introduction
Introduction
The branch of engineering that focuses on the practical
problems of collecting, storing, measuring, transporting,
controlling, and using water and other liquids.
It differs from fluid mechanics, which is more theoretical
and includes the study of gases as well as liquids.

The branch of applied mechanics dealing with the

behavior of fluid at rest and in motion.
4
1.0
1.0 Introduction
Introduction
Applications:
• Close relation with routine activities such as flow in
pipelines and channels, movements of air and
blood in the body, air resistance, wind loading on
buildings, jets, irrigation and etc.
• The knowledge of fluid mechanics and hydraulics is
required to properly design water supply systems,
wastewater treatment facilities, spillways, pumps,
turbines, air conditioning systems and etc.
5
1.1
1.1 Units
Units and
and Dimension
Dimension

Quantity Dimension SI BG
Mass M kg lb
Length L m ft
Time T s s
Temperature θ o
C oF
Notes: British Gravitational (BG) system used English unit, while
Système Internationale d’Unités (SI) used metric units.
6
 1.1
1.1 Units
Units and
and Dimension
Dimension

M (kg) MASS M (lb)

θ (°C) TEMPERATURE
θ (°F)
TIME
T (s) T (s)

LENGTH L (ft)
L (m)

S.I UNIT
B.G UNIT

Notes: Système Internationale d’Unités (SI) used Metric Unit, while British Gravitational (BG) system
used English Unit.
7
1.2
1.2 Ideal
Ideal && Newtonian
Newtonian Fluid
Fluid

What is fluid?
Something that able to flow and does not have
specific form.
Divided into two:
1. Liquid
2. Gases/vapour
8
1.2
1.2 Ideal
Ideal && Newtonian
Newtonian Fluid
Fluid
Cont’d
Liquid
- Able to flow and does not have specific form.
- Change to another form or shape if shear force
involved.
- Assumed as uncompressible fluid. Compressible’s
value has been ignored (too small).

9
1.2
1.2 Ideal
Ideal && Newtonian
Newtonian Fluid
Fluid
Cont’d

Vapour / gas
- Compressible fluid.
- Density of gas/vapour is
different based on temperature
and pressure required.

10
1.2
1.2 Ideal
Ideal && Newtonian
Newtonian Fluid
Fluid

Liquid
- Able to flow and does not
have specific form.
- Change to another form or
shape if shear force involved.
- Assumed as
uncompressible fluid.
(Compressible’s value has
been ignored – too small)
Gases/Vapour
- Compressible fluid.
- Density of gas/vapour is
different based on
temperature and pressure
required.

11
1.2
1.2 Ideal
Ideal && Newtonian
Newtonian Fluid
Fluid
Ideal Fluid
Known as “Perfect Fluid”.
Four properties:
i. No internal friction (viscosity).
ii. The flow is steady i.e.: the velocity at a given point
does not change over time.
iii. The flow is incompressible i.e.: the density is
constant.
iv. The flow is irrotational i.e.: no angular momentum
about any point.
Although this fluid does not exist in reality, a lot of
researchers used it in analysis and calculation of fluid. 12
1.2
1.2 Ideal
Ideal && Newtonian
Newtonian Fluid
Fluid
Cont’d

Real Fluid
In real fluid, either liquid or gas, tangential or
shearing forces always develop whenever there is
motion relative to a body, thus creating fluid friction.
Newtonian fluid is a fluid for which the constant of
proportionality (where, shear stress proportional to
the time rate of (angular) deformation) does not
change with rate of deformation.
13
1.2
1.2 Ideal
Ideal && Newtonian
Newtonian Fluid
Fluid
Newtonian Fluid/Real Fluid
• (Named after Isaac Newton) is the fluid whose stress
versus strain rate curve is linear and passes through the
origin.
• Constant proportionally is known as viscosity.
• Viscosity is depends only on pressure and temperature;
also on chemical composition of the fluid. (not on forces
acting upon it).
• Examples: Water, oil, air, gasoline

14
1.2
1.2 Ideal
Ideal && Newtonian
Newtonian Fluid
Fluid
Cont’d

Real Fluid
Water, air, gasoline, and oils (Newtonian fluids).
Blood and liquid plastics (non-Newtonian fluids).

15
1.3
1.3 Properties
Properties of
of Fluid
Fluid
Density, ρ
Capillarity Specific
Weight, γ

Surface Specific
Tension, Gravity,
σ s.g
FLUID
PROPERTIES
Bulk
Relative
modulus,
density,
K Note: Value of fluid
rd
properties are
Specific vary in different
Compressibility Volume, temperatures and
Vs pressure
Viscosity
µ 16
1.3
1.3 Properties
Properties of
of Fluid
Fluid
Cont’d
Density ()
Depends on temperature and pressure.
Temperature increases, the density decreases,
specific volume increases.
Density = mass per unit volume or  = m/V
SI Unit = kg/m3
Example: density of water = 998 kg/m3 ≈ 1000 kg/m3

17
1.3
1.3 Properties
Properties of
of Fluid
Fluid
Cont’d

Specific Weight ()

Specific weight = weight per unit volume or
 = W/V N/m3 or
 =  g N/m3
Example: specific weight of water
= 1000 x 9.81 = 9.81 kN/m3
where, accelaration of gravity = 9.81 ms-2
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1.3
1.3 Properties
Properties of
of Fluid
Fluid
Cont’d

Specific Gravity (s.g)

Specific gravity = specific weight of substance/
specific weight of water at 4oC
s.g = substance / water at 4oC
where, specific weight of water is 9.81 kN/m3

19
 1.3
1.3 Properties
Properties of
of Fluid
Fluid
Cont’d

Relative Density (rd)

The relative density of a substance /liquid is defined
as the ratio of its mass density to the mass density
of water taken at atmospheric of 4C.
Density of substance  sub

Density of water  water

(Formula for rd and sg are similar if gravity’s value is same)

20
1.3
1.3 Properties
Properties of
of Fluid
Fluid
Cont’d
Example 1 :

A reservoir of glycerin as a mass of 1200 kg and a

volume of 0.952 m3. Find the glycerin’s weight
(W), mass density (), specific weight () and
specific gravity (s.g).

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1.3
1.3 Properties
Properties of
of Fluid
Fluid
Cont’d
Answer 1:
W = mg = (1200)(9.81) = 11772 N or 11.77 kN
 = m/V = 1200/0.952 = 1261 kg/m3
 = g = (1261)(9.81) = 12370 N/m3 =12.37 kN/m3
 = W/V = 11772/0.952 = 12.37 kN/m3
s.g = substance / water at 4oC = 12.37 kN/m3 / 9.81 kN/m3
= 1.26
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TRY
TRY THIS
THIS NOW!!
NOW!!

A reservoir of carbon tetrachloride

(CCL4) has a mass of 500 kg and a
volume of 0.315 m3. Find the CCL4
weight, mass density, specific
weight and specific gravity.
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1.3
1.3 Properties
Properties of
of Fluid
Fluid
Cont’d

Specific Volume (vs)

Defined as the reciprocal of the mass density or
volume per unit mass.
1
vs 

SI Unit is m3/kg

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1.3
1.3 Properties
Properties of
of Fluid
Fluid Cont’d
Example 2 :
If the specific volume of a certain gas is 0.73 m3/kg,
calculate its specific weight.
Answer 2 :
vs = 0.73 m3/kg
ρ = 1/vs = 1/0.73 =1.37 kg/m3
 =  g = 1.37 x 9.81 = 13.44 N/m3
25
TRY
TRY THIS
THIS NOW!!
NOW!!

Non-vapourized liquid has a specific

volume of 0.52 m3/kg. Calculate its
specific weight and specific gravity.

26
1.3
1.3 Properties
Properties of
of Fluid
Fluid
Cont’d

Viscosity
A property that represents the
internal resistance of a fluid to
motion or the “fluidity”.
The force a flowing fluid exerts
on a body in the flow direction
is called the drag force, and the
magnitude of this force
depends on viscosity. 27
1.3
1.3 Properties
Properties of
of Fluid
Fluid
Viscosity
• Property which determines the amount of its
resistance to a shearing forces.
• It is due primarily to interaction between fluid
molecules.

28
1.3
1.3 Properties
Properties of
of Fluid
Fluid
Cont’d
Viscosity
To obtain a relation for
viscosity, consider a fluid
layer between two very
large parallel plates
(or equivalently, two parallel
plates immersed in a large
body of a fluid) separated
by a distance. 29
1.3
1.3 Properties
Properties of
of Fluid
Fluid
Cont’d

Viscosity
Now a constant parallel force F is applied to the
upper plate while the lower plate is held fixed. After
the initial transients, it is observed that the upper
plate moves continuously under the influence of this
force at a constant velocity V.
The fluid in contact with the upper plate sticks to the
plate surface and moves with it at the same velocity.
30
1.3
1.3 Properties
Properties of
of Fluid
Fluid
Cont’d
Viscosity
Force which are needed to make a constant flow is
Au
F 
y
F
where / Ais dynamic viscosity,
shear stress
 
u y shear stress rate
The shear stress acting on this fluid layer is ( = F/A)
where A is the contact area between the plate and the
fluid. Note that the fluid layer deforms continuously
under the influence of shear stress.
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1.3
1.3 Properties
Properties of
of Fluid
Fluid
Cont’d

du
The shear stress can also shows as   
dy

SI Unit = Ns/m2 or kg/ms or Pa.s or Poise

(10 Poise = 1Ns/m2).

32
1.3
1.3 Properties
Properties of
of Fluid
Fluid
Cont’d

Kinematic viscosity is defined as the ratio of

dynamic viscosity to mass density,
 dynamic viscosity
 
 density
SI units : m2/s or stokes (10,000 stokes = 1 m2/s).

33
1.3
1.3 Properties
Properties of
of Fluid
Fluid Cont’d
Example 3 :
A plate separated by 0.5 mm from a fixed plate
moves at 0.5 m/s under a force per unit area of 4.0
N/m2. Determine the viscosity of fluid between the
plates.

34
1.3
1.3 Properties
Properties of
of Fluid
Fluid Cont’d
Answer 3 : 0.5 m/s
du
 
dy
4.0 N/m2 0.0005 m

dy 0.0005
   ( 4. 0)  0.004 Ns / m 2
du 0.5

35
1.3
1.3 Properties
Properties of
of Fluid
Fluid
Cont’d
Compressibility and Bulk Modulus
All fluid are compressible when subjected to applied
forces, they will exprience a reduction in volume.
Volume reduction in gases are much more
compressible compared to liquids. Hence, gases are
much more compressible compared to liquids.
Consider a sponge.

36
1.3
1.3 Properties
Properties of
of Fluid
Fluid
Cont’d

The change in volume which accompanies the

change in pressure is given;
dV
dp   K
V
where, K is the bulk modulus of substance
Bulk modulus is limitation for substance to resist
compressibility.
37
1.3
1.3 Properties
Properties of
of Fluid
Fluid
Cont’d
The bulk modulus for solids
and liquids remains fairly
constant over the ranges of
pressure and volume changes.
Liquids are considered
incompressible as the volume
change is very small.
K unit = Pa or N/m2
38
1.3
1.3 Properties
Properties of
of Fluid
Fluid
Cont’d
Example 4 :
A liquid compressed in a cylinder has a volume of
1000 cm3 at 1 MN/m2 and a volume of 995 cm3 at 2
MN/m2. What is its bulk modulus of elasticity (K)?
Answer 4:
 p 2 1
K   200MPa
V V (995  1000) / 1000
39


1.3
1.3 Properties
Properties of
of Fluid
Fluid
Cont’d
Surface Tension ( )
This property takes place at the interface between a
liquid and a gas, i.e., at the liquid surface, and at
the interface between two immiscible liquids.
The out of balance attraction force between
molecules forms an imaginary surface film which
exerts a tension force in the surface.

40
1.3
1.3 Properties
Properties of
of Fluid
Fluid
Cont’d
This force acts in the plane of the surface, normal to
any line drawn in the surface and its tends to
reduce the surface area of liquid body.
Effect of surface tension is to reduce the liquid area
to minimum level and increase the internal forces
thus, surface tension force must be in equilibrium.
 = 0.073 N/m – for air-water interface
 = 0.480 N/m – for air -mercury interface

41
1.3
1.3 Properties
Properties of
of Fluid
Fluid Cont’d
Unit : N/m

For interior of liquid cylinder, P 
R

A spherical droplet, P  2
R

The pressure difference between 2 surfaces of soap

bubbles, 4
P 
R
42
 1.3
1.3 Properties
Properties of
of Fluid
Fluid Cont’d
Example 5 :
An atomizer forms water droplets 45 μm in diameter.
Find the excess pressure within these droplets for
water at 30 oC.
Answer 5 :
2 2(0.0712)
P   6
 6329 Pa
R (45 x10 ) / 2
43
1.3
1.3 Properties
Properties of
of Fluid
Fluid
Cont’d
Capillarity
When a liquid comes into contact with a solid surface,
then the adhesion forces between solid and liquid as
well as the cohesion forces within the liquid must be
considered. It is also because of surface tension of
liquid.
If adhesion forces > cohesion forces, the meniscus in
glass tube will show maximum curve ,i.e, mercury.
44
1.3
1.3 Properties
Properties of
of Fluid
Fluid
Cont’d
While, if cohesion forces > adhesion forces, the
meniscus will behave differently, i.e. water.

45
1.3
1.3 Properties
Properties of
of Fluid
Fluid
Cont’d
Increasing of liquid’s level in tube can be estimated
if angle,  which is between wall and liquid are
known. Here is the formulae;
2 cos 
h
r

46
 1.3
1.3 Properties
Properties of
of Fluid
Fluid Cont’d
Example 6 :
Find the capillary rise in the tube for a mercury-air-
glass interface with 130 o if the tube radius is 1 mm
and the temperature is 20 oC.
Answer 6 :
2 cos  2(0.514)(cos130o )
h   0.005m
r (13570)(9.81)(1 / 1000)
47
1.3
1.3 Properties
Properties of
of Fluid
Fluid (Appendix)
(Appendix)
Table A.1: Properties of air at standard sea-level
atmosphere pressure
Cont’d
Specific Dynamic Kinematic
Temperature Density, 
weight,  viscosity,  Viscosity, 
o
C kg/m3
N/m3 Ns/m2 m2/s
0 1.29 12.7 1.72  10-5 13.3  10-6
10 1.25 12.2 1.77  10-5 14.2  10-6
20 1.20 11.8 1.81  10-5 15.1  10-6
30 1.16 11.4 1.86  10-5 16.0  10-6
40 1.13 11.0 1.91  10-5 16.9  10-6
50 1.09 10.7 1.95  10-5 17.9  10-6
60 1.06 10.4 1.99  10-5 18.9  10-6
70 1.03 10.1 2.04  10-5 19.9  10-6
80 1.00 9.80 2.09  10-5 20.9  10-6
90 0.972 9.53 2.19  10-5 21.9  10-6
100 0.946 9.28 2.30  10-5 23.0  10-6 48
 1.3 Properties
1.3 Table
Properties of
of Fluid
Fluid (Appendix)
(Appendix)
A.2: Properties of water at standard sea-level
atmosphere pressure
Cont’d
Temperature Density,  Specific weight, Dynamic viscosity, Surface tension*,
o
C kg/m3  N/m3  Ns/m2  N/m
0 1000 9810 1.75  10-3 0.0756
10 1000 9810 1.30  10-3 0.0742
20 998 9790 1.02  10-3 0.0728 * Contact
with air
30 996 9770 8.00  10-4 0.0712
40 992 9730 6.51  10-4 0.0696
50 988 9690 5.41  10-4 0.0679
60 984 9650 4.60  10-4 0.0662
70 978 9590 4.02  10-4 0.0644
80 971 9530 3.50  10-4 0.0626
90 965 9470 3.11  10-4 0.0608
49
100 958 9400 2.82  10-4 0.0589
 1.3
1.3 Properties
Properties of
of Fluid
Fluid (Appendix)
(Appendix)
Table A.3: Properties of fluid at standard sea-level
atmosphere pressure
Cont’d
Bulk
Density, Specific Viscosity,
Temp Surface Modulus,
 gravity, sg 
Fluid tension,  K
10– 3
o
C kg/m 3
– N/m 106 N/m2
Ns/m2
Benzene 20oC 876 0.88 0.65 0.029 1030
Tetrachloride
20oC 1588 1.594 0.97 0.026 1100
Carbon
Raw oil 20oC 856 0.86 7.2 0.03 –
Gasoline 20oC 680 0.68 0.29 – –
Glycerine 20oC 1258 1.26 1494 0.063 4344

Hydrogen –257oC 73.7 0.074 0.021 0.0029 –

50
1.3
1.3 Properties
Properties of
of Fluid
Fluid (Appendix)
(Appendix)
Table A.3: Properties of fluid at standard sea-level
atmosphere pressure
Cont’d
Specific Surface Bulk
Density viscosity
Temp weight, tension, Modulus,
, ,
Fluid sg  K
10– 3
o
C kg/m 3
– N/m 106N/m2
Ns/m2
Kerosene 20oC 808 0.81 1.92 0.025 –
Mercury 20oC 13550 13.56 1.56 0.51 26200
Oxygen –195oC 1206 1.21 0.278 0.015 –
SAE 10 oil 20oC 918 0.92 82 0.037 –
SAE 30 oil 20oC 918 0.92 440 0.036 –
Water 20oC 998 0.999 1.00 0.073 2171
Sea water 20oC 1023 1.024 1.07 0.073 2300

51
 1.3
1.3 Properties
Properties of
of Fluid
Fluid (Appendix)
(Appendix)
Table A.4: Physical properties of common gases at standard
sea-level atmosphere pressure
Cont’d
Chemical Molar Mass, Density, Viscosity,
Gas Constant, R
Gas formula M  
– kg/ kg-mol kg/m3 10–6 Ns/m2 m2/(s2K)
Air 28.96 1.205 18.0 287
Carbon CO2 44.01 1.84 14.8 188
dioxide
Carbon
CO 28.01 1.16 18.2 297
monoxide
Helium He 4.003 0.166 19.7 2077
Hydrogen H2 2.016 0.0839 9.0 4120
Methane CH4 16.04 0.668 13.4 520
Nitrogen N2 28.02 1.16 17.6 297
Oxygen O2 32.00 1.33 20.0 260
Water H2O 18.02 0.747 10.1 462 52
Vapour
1.3
1.3 Summary
Summary of
of Fluid’s
Fluid’s Properties
Properties
Value of fluid
properties are
Relative Density
vary in different
Surface Tension Compressibility temperatures
and pressure

Properties
Viscosity Capillarity
of Fluid

Bulk Modulus Specific Gravity

Density
53