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Uniform and Non-uniform flow: when flow parameters do not changes with space then it is
called uniform flow. If flow parameters changes with space then it is called non- uniform
flow.
Gradually Varied flow and rapidly varied flow: If the change of depth in a varied flow is
gradual so that the curvature of streamlines is not excessive, such a flow is said to be a
gradually varied flow (GVF). Frictional resistance plays an important role in these flows.
If the curvature in a varied flow is large and the depth changes appreciably over short lengths,
such a phenomenon is termed as rapidly varied flow (RVF). The frictional resistance is
relatively insignificant in such cases and it is usual to regard RVF as a local phenomenon. A
hydraulic jump occurring below a spillway or a sluice gate is an example of steady RVF.
Based on force of gravity:
a) Subcritical flow, when Froude number <1
b) Critical flow, when Froude number=1
c) Supercritical flow when Froude number >1
b
c
Fig: Velocity distribution in open channels: (a) Natural channel (b) Rectangular channel
and (c) Typical velocity profile
𝐴
Hydraulic Radius (R): It is the ratio of water area to wetted perimeter. R= 𝑃
𝐴
Hydraulic Depth (D): It is the ratio of water area to top width. D=𝑇