Chapter 7: Quantum Theory and

Atomic Structure

The Nature of Light

Atomic Spectra

The Wave - Particle Duality of Matter and Energy

The Quantum - Mechanical Model of the Atom

 Chapter 7 - Quantum Theory of the Atom
Read the entire chapter
Answer all the Review Problems.

Problems: 19, 23, 27, 31, 33, 37, 39, 43, 45, 47,
49, 51, 53, 57, 63, 65, 67, 71, 75, 77, 81,
What are the electrons doing in the atom?

Why do atoms form ions and molecules?

Why do hydrogen and oxygen “stick” together to

form water?

To understand these questions, we need to understand

the electronic structure of the atom

Electronic structure referes to the way the electrons

are arranged in an atom
Atoms are the basic building blocks of matter.
They are the smallest units of an element that can
combine with other elements (that is, take part in
a chemical reaction.
 Structure of the Atom

The simple view: only three subatomic particles

have a bearing on chemical behavior.

Protons, Neutrons and Electrons

Proton is a nuclear particle having a positive charge
equal to that of the electron and a mass
more that 1800 times that of the electrons.

Neutron is a nuclear particle having a mass

almost identical to that of the proton but
with no electric charge

Electron is a negatively charged particle with

the negative charge equal to that of the proton.
Protons and neutrons reside together in a
very small volume within the atom
known as the nucleus.

Most of the rest of the atom is space in which

the electrons move
 electrons

neutrons

protons
1. Each element is composed of extremely small
particles called atoms.

2. All atoms of a given element are identical.

3. Atoms of different elements have different

properties (including different masses).

4. Atoms and elements are not changed into different

types of atoms by chemical reactions.

5. Compounds are formed when atoms of more

than one element combine.
We Know:

Atoms (elements) are the basic unit of

chemical stucture and are made of protons, neutrons
and electrons (simplification)

Compounds are made up of elements (atoms) in

difinite proportions. Compounds are also called
Molecules.
 Group
Atomic
number 14A
Atomic
symbol
6

C
Period

12.011
Atomic
mass
Parts of the Periodic Table (amu)
The present theory of the electronic structure of the atom
started with an explanation of the colored light produced
in hot gases and flames

This means we need to know something about the nature

of light and radiant energy

Radiant energy is electromagnetic radiation: light, X rays

All types of radiant energy move through a vacuum at

the speed of light (c) 3.00 x 108 m/s

All radiant energy has wavelike characteristics

A wave is periodic in nature and can be characterized
by its wavelength and frequency
 


is thedistance between any two adjacent identical

points of a wave
 

Frequency (- the number of wavelengths of that wave

that pass a fixed point in one unit of time (usually 1 sec.)
 Short wavelength
High Frequency

Long wavelength
low frequency

Wavelength and frequency are related

What else do we know?

We said that all types of radiant energy move through

a vacuum at 3.0 x 108 m/s

We know that is the distance between identical points

on successive waves

We know that  is the number of times per second that

one complete wavelength passes a given point.

So:

c = 
The yellow light given off by a sodium lamp has a
wavelength of 589 nm. What is the frequency of
this radiation?

c = 
c/ 
c = 3.0 x 108 m/s

 = 3.0 x 108 m/s x 109 nm

= 5.09 x 1014/s
589 nm 1m
Electromagnetic radiation (light) consists of occilations
in electric and magnetic fields that can travel through
space. These occilations can be characterized in terms
of wavelength and frequency

The range of frequencies and wavelengths of

electromagnetic radiation is called the
electromagnetic spectrum

The visible spectrum 400 nm (violet) to 800 nm (red)

Fig. 7.3
 The Spectrum of
Electromagnetic Radiation
• The wavelength of visible light
is between 400 and 700
nanometers
• Radio, TV , microwave and
infrared radiation have longer
wavelengths (shorter
frequencies), and lower
energies than visible light.
• Gamma rays and X-rays have
shorter wavelengths (larger
frequencies), and higher
energies than visible light!
Fig. 7.1
Fig. 7.2
 Electromagnetic Radiation
• WAVELENGTH - The
distance between identical c
points on successive waves. ( 
 ) 
• FREQUENCY - The
number of waves that pass
through a particular point per
second. ()
• AMPLITUDE - The vertical
distance from the midline to
a peak, or trough in the wave.
Calculation of Frequency from Wavelength
Problem: The wavelength of an x-ray is 1.00 x10 -9 m or 1 nm, what is
the frequency of this x-ray? If the wavelength of long-wavelength
electromagnetic radiation is 7.65 x 104 m, what is the frequency of this
long-wavelength radiation used to contact submerged nuclear submarines
at sea?
Plan: Use the relationship between wavelength and frequency to obtain
the answer. wavelength x frequency = speed of light!
Solution:
speed of light
frequency(cycles/sec) =
wavelength(m)
3.00 x 108 m/s
a) frequency = = 3.00 x 1017
cycles/sec
1.00 x 10 m
-9

b) frequency = 3.00 x 108

m/s = 3.92 x 103 cycles/s
7.65 x 104 m
Different Behaviors of Waves and Particles

Fig. 7.4
 The Diffraction Pattern Caused by Light
Passing through Two Adjacent Slits

Fig. 7.5
 The Photoelectric Effect - I
• Below the threshold energy,
nothing occurs !
• Above the threshold, the
kinetic energy of the ejected
electrons is proportional to the
frequency of the light.
• Also, when above the
threshold, as intensity of the
light increases, so does the
number of ejected electrons.
• All metals experience this
effect, but each has a unique
threshold frequency.
 The Photoelectric Effect - II

• Albert Einstein
– Theorized Photons
– Won Nobel prize - 1921
• Photons have an energy
equal to:
E = h
• h = Plank’s Constant, and
is equal to:
6.6260755 x 10 - 3 4Jsec
Demonstration
of the
Photoelectric
Effect

Fig. 7.7