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Chromatography
Chromatography
I.
I. Introduction
II.
II. Classification of chromatographic methods
III.
III. Principle of chromatography
IV.
IV. High performance liquid chromatography (HPLC)
V.
V. Gas chromatography (GC)
VI.
VI. Thin layer chromatography (TLC)
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Definition:
Chromatography is defined as a procedure
by which solutes are separated by
dynamic differential migration process in a
system consisting of two or more phases,
one of which moves continuously in a given
direction and in which the individual
substances exhibit different mobilities by
reason of differences in adsorption,
partition, solubility, vapor pressure,
molecular size, or ionic charge density.
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Mobile Phase:
The Phase that travels through the
column (gas or liquid) – transport
sample through the column.
Stationary Phase:
Immiscible solid or liquid phase that
fixed in place in the column or on a
solid support – retain analytes within
the column.
Band or Zone:
-Area across which analyte is
distributed on column
-Zones of different analytes gradually
separate as bands progress down
column
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Column Chromatography Thin Layer
chromatography
Sample
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Method to separate components in a mixture based on
different Distribution coefficients between the two phases.
Chromatography categorized on the basis of interaction
between solute and stationary phase
Mobile phase either gas or liquid
Stationary phase either liquid or solid
– Liq/Liq (Partition) Liquid
– Liq/Sol (Adsorption) Chromatography
– Gas/Liq (Partition) Gas
– Gas/Sol (Adsorption) Chromatography
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According to methodology
Planer Column
chromatography chromatography
Electrophoresis
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Sample
Mobile
Figure:
Schematic diagram showing the separation of
compounds A and B. and the output of the detector
response at various stages of elution
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Basic Steps of TLC Technique
Sample Application
Chromatogram Development
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Sample Application
1-2 cm 1-2 cm
Base line
2-2.5 cm
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Locating of the Spots
Solvent front
Rf = b/a a
b
Base line
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For Colorless Compounds:
Where is the spots ??
We do not know.
Solvent front
a Rf = b/a
Base line
Co-spot
Co-spot
Unknown
Unknown
Authentic
Authentic
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Analysis of Reaction Mixture
Start. mat.
Rxn. mixt.
Product
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Chromatogram Development
Avoid direct contact between the sample and the solvent system.
The tank or chamber is preferably lined with filter paper.
As the developing solvent travels up the plate, it dissolves the
sample and carries it up; the sample distributing itself between the
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moving solvent and the stationary phase.
Determination of the Purity of a Product Compound
Product compound
Impurities
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Quantitative Determination of
an Unknown Concentration
Standard Unknown
conc.
Signal
Concentration
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Calibration curve 20
Instrumentation of HPLC
Sample
injection
Solvent valve
mixing Pump
valve n
m
lu
Co
HPLC
Chart
Detector Recorder
Mobile phase
reservoir Waste
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HPLC Detector
n
m
u
ol
C Chart
Detector Recorder
Mobile phase
reservoir Waste
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What is the Applications of HPLC ? Peaks correspond to
individual components
Qualitative Analysis
Separation of Mixture Components
Impurity
Purification of Compounds
Authentic
Unknown
Identification of Compounds
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Quantitative Analysis Calibration curve
Peak hight
Concentration
0 10 0 10 0 10 0 10 0 10 0 10 0 10
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100 g/mL 75 g/mL 50 g/mL 25 g/mL 10 g/mL 5 g/mL Unknown
GG
CC
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Instrumentation of GC
Flow meter
Injector Vent
Detector GC
Septum Chart
Pressure Flow
Recorder
regulator controller
Oven
Gas
supply Column
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GC Column
Packed column
* ~ 3-6mm inner diameter tubing, 1-5
m long
* used for preparative separations or to
separate gases that are poorly
retained
* lower resolution
* small, uniform particle size decreases
Eddy diffusion (requiring higher
pressures)
open tubular (more common):
* 0.1-0.5 mm inner dia., 10-100 m long
* 0.1-5 m thick sp coated on inner walls
* higher resolution, shorter analysis times,
greater sensitivity compared to packed columns
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Detectors
Flame Ionization Detector (FID):
cathode (collects
CHO+ ions)
anode
air
H2
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Applications of GC ? Peaks correspond to
individual components
Qualitative Analysis
Separation of Mixture Components:
Quantitative Analysis
Authentic
Peak hight
Concentration
0 10 0 10 0 10 0 10 0 10 0 10 0 10
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100 ng/mL 75 ng/mL 50 ng/mL 25 ng/mL 10 ng/mL 5 ng/mL Unknown
Aspects of GC Applications:
Food Analysis
Analysis of foods is concerned with confirm the presence
and determination the quantities of the analytes (lipids,
proteins, carbohydrates, preservatives, flavours, colorants,
and also vitamins, steroids, and pesticide residues).
Drug Analysis
GC is widely applied to identification of the active
components, possible impurities as well as the metabolites.
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Environmental Analysis
The environmental contaminants; e.g. dichlorodiphenyltrichloro-
ethane (DDT) and the polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) are present
in the environment at very low concentrations and are found among
many of other compounds.
GC, with its high sensitivity and high separating power, is mostly
used in the analysis of environmental samples.
Forensic Analysis
In forensic cases, very little sample is available, and the
concentration of the sample components may be very low.