BFF/ BHM 2003 Computer Programming

May 6, 2021
BFF/BHM 2003: LECTURE 3

BFF/ BHM 2003
COMPUTER
PROGRAMMING
1
LECTURE 3
INTRODUCTION TO THE C
LANGUAGE
May 6, 2021
BY END OF THIS CLASS, YOU SHOULD BE ABLE
TO:
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 Use and construct various variable types and constant
declarations for all sizes of numeric data and strings.
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IDENTIFIERS
 allow us to name data & other objects in the program.
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 Each identified object in the computer is stored at a
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unique address.
 Different programming languages use different

syntactical rules to form identifiers.
 The rules for identifiers in C are very simple.
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IDENTIFIERS
IDENTIFIERS
 The C language contains 37 keywords:
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Auto extern short
_Bool float signed
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break for sizeof
case goto static
char if struct
_Complex _Imaginary switch
const inline typedef
continue int union
default long unsigned
do register void
double restrict volatile
else return while 5
enum
IDENTIFIERS
 Themacros and C++ keywords also should be treated as
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keywords:
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and compl or
and_eq complex OR_EQ
bitand imaginary struct
bitor not xor_eq
bool not_eq
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IDENTIFIERS
 Good identifier names are descriptive but short
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(including use abbreviations).
student  stdnt
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C allows name to be up to 63 characters long (if longer
than that, only the first 63 used)
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IDENTIFIERS
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IDENTIFIERS
IDENTIFIERS
May 6, 2021
BFF2003: LECTURE 3
Note
An identifier must start with a letter or underscore:
it may not have a space or a hyphen.
C is a case-sensitive language.
num Num NUM

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are three different identifiers
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IDENTIFIERS
TYPES
A type defines a set of values and a set of operation that
can be applied on those value.
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BFF2003: LECTURE 3
 Divide into 4:
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TYPES: VOID TYPE
 Designated by keyword void
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 Has no value and no operations but very useful data type.
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 E.g.use to designate that a function has no parameters as
in the main function.
 Used to define that a function has no return value and

define a pointer to generic data.
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TYPES: INTEGRAL TYPE
 Has3 integral types:
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Boolean
Character
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Integer
 Integral
types cannot contain a fraction part; they are
whole numbers.
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TYPES: BOOLEAN TYPE
 Represent only two values: true false
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C used integers to represent the Boolean value:
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A nonzero number (+ve or –ve) true
A zero numberfalse
 The Boolean type, which is referred to by the keyword

bool, is stored in memory as 0 (false) and 1(true).
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TYPES: CHARACTER TYPE
 Evenwe think of characters as the letters of the alphabet,
a computer has another definition.
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BFF2003: LECTURE 3
A character any value that can be represented in the
computer’s alphabet or character set.
 The C standard provide two character type:
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 Most computer use the American Standard Code for
Information Interchange (ASCII) alphabet.
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BFF2003: LECTURE 3
 You do not need to memorize this alphabet but you will
learn many of the special value by using them. (ASCII
code included in Appendix A).
 Computer use 1 byte to store the char data types.
1 byte = 8 bits = 256 different value in the char set

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 First 32 ASCII & last ASCII character are control
characters: physical devices (monitor, printer). The rest
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are characters for compose words and sentences.
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 What make the letter a different from the letter x?
Letter Binary Decimal Value

a 0110 0001 97
 To support non-English & languages that
x 0111 1000 120 don’t use the
Roman alphabet, the C99 standard created the wide
character type ( wchar_t ).
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TYPES: INTEGER TYPE
 Is a number without a fraction part.
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C defines these data types so that they can be organized
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from the smallest to the largest & the size of the field in
which data can be stored.
sizeof (short) ≤ sizeof (int) ≤ sizeof (long) ≤ sizeof (long long)
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TYPES: INTEGER TYPE
 Each integer size can be a signed or an unsigned integer.
May 6, 2021
 For signed= one bit for a signed (0 is + ; 1 is - ).
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 Forunsigned = a positive number is 2X as large as the
signed integer of the same size.
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TYPES: INTEGER TYPE
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Typical integer size and values for signed integers
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TYPES: FLOATING-POINT
TYPES
 TheC standard recognize three:
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Real
Imaginary
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Complex
C has a library, float.h that contains the limit of floating-

point values.
 Real type values are always signed.

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TYPES: REAL TYPES
 Holds values that consist of an integral and a fractional
part such as: 43.32 .
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 Support 3 different size of real types.
Note
sizeof (float) ≤ sizeof (double) ≤ sizeof (long double)
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TYPES: IMAGINARY TYPES
 Is used extensively in maths and eng.
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 Like real number multiplied by 1
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 Have three different size:
float imaginary
double imaginary
long double imaginary
 theimaginary part is one of the components of the

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complex type & not a part of the standard.
TYPES: COMPLEX TYPES
 Is implemented by most compilers.
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 Combination of a real number and imaginary number.
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 Have a different sizes as real or imaginary types.
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TYPES
VARIABLES
 Are named memory location that have a types, such as
integer or character, which is inherited from their type.
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BFF2003: LECTURE 3
 The type determines the values that a variable may
contain the operations that may be used with its values.
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VARIABLES DECLARATION
 Each variable in your program must be declared and
defined at the same time (but have some exception later)
May 6, 2021
…
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 A declaration is used to name an object.
 Definitions are used to create the object.
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VARIABLES
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VARIABLES
VARIABLES INITIALIZATION
 We can initialize a variable at the same time we declare it
by including an initializer.
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BFF2003: LECTURE 3
 The initializer establishes the 1st value that the variable
will contain.
 The indentifier is followed by the assignment operator

(equal sign, = ) and then the initializer which is the value
the variable is to have when functions starts.
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May 6, 2021
BFF2003: LECTURE 3
Note
When a variable is defined, it is not initialized.
We must initialize any variable requiring
prescribed data when the function starts.
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END OF TODAY’S LECTURE
 Thank you for your attention.
May 6, 2021
BFF2003: LECTURE 3
 Now, we were move to the practical work
(the important part of this class).
 Please sit in your own group.
 Please do the assignment NOW. Submit the assignment according

40
to the date on the assignment sheet.

BFF/ BHM 2003 Computer Programming

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May 6, 2021

BFF/BHM 2003: LECTURE 3

 Different programming languages use different

 The rules for identifiers in C are very simple.

Akhbar itu melaporkan ejaan Chargoggagoggmanchauggagoggchaubunagungamaugg adalah tepat manakala ejaan

num Num NUM

 Used to define that a function has no return value and

 The Boolean type, which is referred to by the keyword

 The C standard provide two character type:

 Computer use 1 byte to store the char data types.

1 byte = 8 bits = 256 different value in the char set

Letter Binary Decimal Value

C has a library, float.h that contains the limit of floating-

 Real type values are always signed.

long double imaginary

 theimaginary part is one of the components of the

 Definitions are used to create the object.

 The indentifier is followed by the assignment operator

 Please sit in your own group.

 Please do the assignment NOW. Submit the assignment according

to the date on the assignment sheet.

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