May 6, 2021

BFF/BHM 2003: LECTURE 2

BFF/ BHM 2003
COMPUTER
PROGRAMMING
1
LECTURE 2
 INTRODUCTION TO THE C
LANGUAGE

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 Introduce the basics of the C language.

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 Write your first C program. ‘Hello World’

BY END OF THIS CLASS, YOU SHOULD BE ABLE

TO:
CONSTRUCT AND ANALYZE A SIMPLE C PROGRAM
THAT CAN DISPLAY FORMATTED DATA USING
PRINTF( ) FUNCTIONS AND RELATED ESCAPE
2
SEQUENCES.
 THE C PROGRAMS

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It is time to write your first C program!

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 STRUCTURE OF A C
PROGRAMS
 EveryC program is made of:

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One or more preprocessor commands,

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A global declaration
One or more functions

 The global declaration section comes at the beginning of

the program and it visible to all parts of the program.

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 STRUCTURE OF A C
PROGRAMS
 The work of the program is carried out by its functions.

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 Functions= blocks of code that accomplish a task within
a program.

 One, and only one, of the functions must be named main.

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 STRUCTURE OF A C
PROGRAMS
 ‘main’ function = starting point for the program.

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 Dividedinto two:
The declaration section
The statement section

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 STRUCTURE OF A C
PROGRAMS
 The declaration section

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1. Beginning of the function.

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2. Describes the data that you will be using in the
function.
3. Known as local declarations (opposed to global
declarations)
4. Visible only to the function that contain them.

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 STRUCTURE OF A C
PROGRAMS
 The statement section

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1. Follows the declaration section.

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2. Contains the instruction to the computer that cause it
to do something (e.g. add two numbers).
3. Write in the form of statements.

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STRUCTURE OF A C
PROGRAMS
 STRUCTURE OF A C
PROGRAMS
 Preprocessor commands:

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1. Special instructions to the preprocessor that tell it

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how to prepare the program for compilation.
2. The most important preprocessor commands:
include

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 STRUCTURE OF A C
PROGRAMS
 include

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 Tell the preprocessor that we need information from
selected libraries known as header files.

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 It is almost impossible to write even the smallest of
programs without at least one library function.

 In your first program, you will use one include command to

tell C that you need the input/output library to write data to
the monitor.

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YOUR FIRST C PROGRAM
 YOUR FIRST C PROGRAM
 Your program will be very simple.

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 Only have: 1 preprocessor

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0 global declarations
0 local declarations

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 YOUR FIRST C PROGRAM
 It purpose will be simply to print a greeting to the user.

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 The statement section only have 2 statements:

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 Prints a greeting
 Stops the program

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 PREPROCESSOR COMMANDS
 Come at the beginning of the program.

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 Start with a pound sign (#) rule of C or syntax.

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 Can start in any column (usually in column 1).

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 PREPROCESSOR COMMANDS

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 Tell the compiler to include the standard input/output library file in the program.

 This library file is for print a message to the terminal.

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 No space between the # and include.

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 MAIN

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 Begin the executable part of the program.

 int says that the function (main) will return an integer value to the operating system.

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 The function has no parameters (the parameter list is void).

 No punctuation after the function header.

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 STATEMENTS

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 Within the main there are two statements:
 Print your message

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 Terminate the program

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 STATEMENTS

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 Print statement uses a library function to the actual writing to the monitor.

 To execute this print function, you call it.

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 All
function call statements consist of the name of the function (printf) followed by a
parameter list enclosed in parentheses.

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 STATEMENTS

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 Theparameter list:
 Contains what you want to displayed.
 Enclosed in two double quote marks (“…”)

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 The \n at the end of the message tells the computer to advance to the next line in
the output. Escapes character.

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 STATEMENTS

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 return 0;
 Terminates the program
Returns control to the operating system.

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

 Thefunction main start with open brace ( { ) and terminates with a close
brace ( } ).

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 ESCAPE CHARACTER
Escape Character Meaning Description

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\n New line Position the cursor at the beginning of the next line.

\t Horizontal tab Move the cursor to the next tab stop.

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\r Carriage return Move the cursor to the initial point of the current line.

\a Alert/bell Generates an audible or visible alert.

\\ Backslash Print a backslash character in a printf statement.

\” Double quote Print a double quote character in a printf statement.

\’ Single quote Print a single quote character in a printf statement.

\% Percent Print a percent character in a printf statement.

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\? Question mark Print a question mark character in a printf statement.
 COMMENTS
 Sometimes, meaning of a section of code is not entirely clear.

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 Itis helpful if the person who writes the code places some comments in
the code to help the reader.

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 Comments are merely internal program documentation. The compiler
ignores the comments when it translates the program into executable
code.

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 COMMENTS
 To
identify a comment, C uses two different formats;
Block comments

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Line comments

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BLOCK COMMENTS
 BLOCK COMMENTS
 Used when the comment will span several lines.

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 It uses opening and closing comment tokens.

 Token = symbol(s) understood by the compiler that help it interpret code.

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 The opening token is ( /* ) and the closing token is ( */ ). no space between them.

 Everything between the opening and closing comment tokens is ignored by the
compiler.

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 BLOCK COMMENTS
 The token can start in any column, and they do not have
to be on the same line.

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 The only requirement is that the opening token must

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precede the closing token.

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 BLOCK COMMENTS
 Comments cannot be nested (cannot have comments
inside comments)

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 LINE COMMENTS
 Use 2 slashes ( // ) to identify a comment.

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 Not require an end-of-comment token. the end of the line
automatically ends the comment.

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 Use for short comments.

 Can start anywhere on the line.

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 THE GREETING PROGRAM
 Includedsome comments at the beginning that explain what the
program is going to do.

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 Each program we write MUST begins with documentation

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explaining the purpose of the program.

 We have also shown comment to identify the declaration and

statement sections of our program.

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THE GREETING PROGRAM
 END OF TODAY’S LECTURE
 Thank you for your attention.

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 Now, we were move to the practical work
(the important part of this class).

 Please sit in your own group.

 Please do the assignment NOW. Submit the assignment according

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to the date on the assignment sheet.