Winter Scholarship 2010-2011

Violation of Human Rights

of
children

Presented to:- Presented by:-

State Human Rights Commission Harendar Neel
The Secretariat College:- Rajiv Gandhi National
Jaipur, Rajasthan. University of Law
Patiala, Punjab
 Human Rights
•Human rights are "rights and freedoms to which all humans are entitled." Proponents of the
concept usually assert that everyone is endowed with certain entitlements merely by reason of
being human.

•Human rights are rights inherent to all human beings, whatever our nationality, place of
residence, sex, national or ethnic origin, color, religion, language, or any other status. We are all
equally entitled to our human rights without discrimination. These rights are all interrelated,
interdependent and indivisible.

•The principle of universality of human rights is the cornerstone of international human rights
law. This principle, as first emphasized in the Universal Declaration on Human Rights in 1948,
has been reiterated in numerous international human rights conventions, declarations, and
resolutions.

•The 1993 Vienna World Conference on Human Rights, for example, noted that it is the duty of
States to promote and protect all human rights and fundamental freedoms, regardless of their
political, economic and cultural systems.
 Human Rights
Of
Children
• Human rights of children are the rights of special protection and care afforded to the
young, including their right to association with both biological parents, human identity as well as
the basic needs for food, universal state-paid education, health care and criminal laws appropriate
for the age and development of the child.

•Interpretations of children's rights range from allowing children the capacity for autonomous
action to the enforcement of children being physically, mentally and emotionally free from abuse,
though what constitutes "abuse" is a matter of debate. 

•Children's rights are defined in numerous ways, including a wide spectrum of civil, cultural,
economic, social and political rights. Rights tend to be of two general types: those advocating for
children as autonomous persons under the law and those placing a claim on society for protection
from harms perpetrated on children because of their dependency.
 Violation of Human Rights
Of
Children
•Corporal punishment by parents, teachers or public authorities, hard labor or misuse as
‘professional’ beggars are still common.

•New- born infants, especially female babies are constantly left behind or killed. In many places
female adolescents and young women are exposed to mandatory virginity testing.

•Several kinds of mutilations have been practiced, e. g. castration of boys (eunuchs), uvulectorny,
female circumcision.

•Another horrible ill- treatment is kidnapping of children or ‘voluntary’ sate of children for
adoption, labor (slavery), prostitution or organ transplants.

•Throughout history children, i. e. human beings below the age of eighteen years, have been
exposed to violations. ’ There is a gradual transition between neglect, maltreatment and torture of
children?
 Prosecuted Children

•Children and adults are persecuted. There are millions of children as refugees. Several of‘
these are unaccompanied.

•The serious implications are spectacular: poor nutrition, housing, hygiene, health care,
schooling and education.

•Children witness the raid of their home, arrest, interrogation, assault, rape, torture or
execution of parents, other family members and friends.

•In addition, even small children are misused as witnesses in court cases or are retained as
hostages.
 Children as Victims
During War
•Both boys and girls are interrogated, imprisoned, subjected to the most awful forms of physical
torture e. g. tearing out nails, burning including electric torture, amputations, sexual assaults.

•They are also subjected to psychological forms of torture e. g. threats towards relatives, sham
execution, sexual humiliation. There is also evidence of children born in prison or camp of
women raped by the police or military staff.

•Besides being victims the children are, unfortunately, also misused as child soldiers i. e. young
combatants under the age of eighteen. Some of these are only ten, thus creating infantile
perpetrators.

•They usually have little choice but to experience, at minimum, the same horrors as their parents
—as casualties or even combatants. And children have always been particularly exposed.
 Continued…
•When food supplies have run short, it is children who have been hardest hit, since their growing
bodies need steady supplies of essential nutrients. When water supplies have been contaminated,
it is children who have had the least resistance to the dangers of disease.

• And the trauma of exposure to violence and brutal death has emotionally affected generations
of young people for the rest of their lives.

• Recent developments in warfare have significantly heightened the dangers for children. During
the last decade, it is estimated (and these figures, while specific, are necessarily orders of
magnitude) that child victims have included:

•2 million killed;
•4-5 million disabled;
•12 million left homeless;
•more than 1 million orphaned or separated from their parents;
•some 10 million psychologically traumatized.
 Continued…

•Families and children are not just getting caught in the crossfire, they are also likely to be
specific targets. This is because many contemporary struggles are between different ethnic
groups in the same country or in former States.

•When ethnic loyalties prevail, a perilous logic clicks in. The escalation from ethnic
superiority to ethnic cleansing to genocide, as we have seen, can become an irresistible
process.

•Killing adults is then not enough; future generations of the enemy—their children—must also
be eliminated.
 The Health of
Child Survivors

• The health problems for the child survivors are multiple. The consequences of extreme violence
may be physical signs e. g. wounds, burns, fractures of teeth and bones, amputations or other
forms of mutilation, hearing loss and buzzing in the ears or serious neurological squeal as
paralysis, especially because of spinal injuries, and epilepsy.

•In the long view we will have a lot of chronic disabled children. It is estimated at for every child
killed as a result of involvement in extreme violence, there will be a further three disabled
children. The repercussions of extreme violence concerning the mental health are gloomy.

•Anxiety with intimidating flashbacks, nightmares, depression, introversion living in their own
world of fantasy and social withdrawal, dependency and clinging behavior toward the relatives;
and sometimes aggressiveness, nocturnal enuresis, poor appetite, abdominal pain, headache and
tics have been noted.
 Rehabilitation of
Child Survivors
•The adult population all over the world has to face these -miserable children. It is a challenge
for health professionals and the responsibility is medical as well as psychological, social, ethical
and legal.

•The children need the help of pediatricians, child psychologists and psychiatrists, nurses, social
workers and educators comprising physiotherapy, schooling and playing. Legal assistance should
be available. It is seldom possible to provide such assistance.

•Starvation and massacres of children must be tackled pragmatically. In the meantime, and
during the entire rehabilitation process, it is important to know that the majority of children do
not like excessive sentimentality or pity, they wish to know the authentic truth e. g. on their
family, the medical prognosis for themselves or the present situation of their native country.
Many children have lost their original faith.
 Child Labor
•Child labor refers to the employment of children at regular and sustained labor. This practice is
considered exploitative by many international organizations and is illegal in many countries.

• Child labor was utilized to varying extents through most of history, but entered public dispute
with the advent of universal schooling, with changes in working conditions during the industrial
revolution, and with the emergence of the concepts of workers' and children's rights.

•Child Labor began to be considered a human rights issue and became an issue of public dispute,
when the foundation of universal schooling was laid.

•Children are regularly employed to guide tourists, sometimes doubling up as a marketing force
to bring in business for shop owners and other business establishment.

•Little children are often seen selling in the streets or working quietly on domestic chores within
the high walls of homes – hidden away from the eyes of the media and labor inspectors. 
 Continued…
•According to the statistics given by International Labor Organization there are about 218 million
children between the age of 5 and 17 working all over the world. The most condemned form of
child labor is the use of children for military purpose and child prostitution.

•Child agricultural works, child singers and child actors outside of school hours during season
time are more acceptable by champions of human rights and law.

•The phenomenon of child labor is a complex development issue worthy of investigation. The
fact that vulnerable children are being exploited and forced into work, which is not fit for their
age, is a human rights concern now.

•India and other developed and developing countries are really plagued by the problem of child
employment in organized and unorganized sectors. 
 Child Labor
in
India
•Child labor in India is a human right issue for the whole world. It is a serious and extensive
problem, with many children under the age of fourteen working in carpet making factories, glass
blowing units and making fireworks with bare little hands.

•According to the statistics given by Indian government there are 20 million child laborers in the
country, while other agencies claim that it is 50 million. 

•In Northern India the exploitation of little children for labor is an accepted practice and
perceived by the local population as a necessity to alleviate poverty. Carpet weaving industries
pay very low wages to child laborers and make them work for long hours in unhygienic
conditions.

•Children working in such units are mainly migrant workers from Northern India, who are
shunted here by their families to earn some money and send it to them. Their families
dependence on their income, forces them to endure the onerous work conditions in the carpet
factories.
 Continued…
•The situation of child laborers in India is desperate. Children work for eight hours at a stretch
with only a small break for meals.

•The meals are also frugal and the children are ill nourished. Most of the migrant children who
cannot go home, sleep at their work place, which is very bad for their health and development.

• Seventy five percent of Indian population still resides in rural areas and are very poor. Children
in rural families who are ailing with poverty perceive their children as an income generating
resource to supplement the family income

•. Parents sacrifice their children’s education to the growing needs of their younger siblings in
such families and view them as wage earners for the entire clan.

•In 1997, research indicated that the number of child laborers in the silk-weaving industry in the
district of Kanchipuram in India exceeded 40,000. This included children who were bonded
laborers to loom owners.
 Continued…
•The Indian government has tried to take some steps to alleviate the problem of child labor in
recent years by invoking a law that makes the employment of children below 14 illegal, except in
family owned enterprises.

•However this law is rarely adhered to due to practical difficulties. Factories usually find
loopholes and circumvent the law by declaring that the child laborer is a distant family member.

• Also in villages there is no law implementing mechanism, and any punitive actions for
commercial enterprises violating these laws is almost non existent. 

•Child labor is a conspicuous problem in India. Its prevalence is evident in the child work
participation rate, which is more than that of other developing countries. Poverty is the reason for
child labor in India.

•The meager income of child laborers is also absorbed by their families. The paucity of organized
banking in the rural areas creates a void in taking facilities, forcing poor families to push their
children in harsh labor, the harshest being bonded labor. 
 Labor Laws
In
India
•Through a notification dated May 26, 1993, the working conditions of children have been
regulated in all employment which are not prohibited under the Child Labor (Prohibition and
Regulation) Act.

• Following up on a preliminary notification issued on October 5, 1993, the government has also
prohibited employment of children in occupation processes like abattoirs /slaughter houses,
printing, cashew nut decaling and processing, and soldering.

• Children perform a variety of jobs: some work in factories, making products such as carpets and
matches; others work on plantations, or in the home. For boys the type of work is very different
because they often work long hours doing hard physical labor outside of the home for very small
wages.
 Continued…
•The government has made efforts to prohibit child labor by enacting Child labor laws in
India including the 1986 Child Labor (Prohibition and Regulation) Act that stated that children
under fourteen years of age could not be employed in hazardous occupations.

•This act also attempted to regulate working conditions in the jobs that it permitted, and put
greater emphasis on health and safety standards.

•However, due to cultural and economic factors, these goals remain difficult to meet. For
instance, the act does nothing to protect children who perform domestic or unreported labor,
which is very common in India. In almost all Indian industries girls are
unrecognized laborers because they are seen as helpers and not workers. Therefore, girls are
therefore not protected by the law.

•Children are often exploited and deprived of their rights in India, and until further measures are
taken, many Indian children will continue to live in poverty.
 Child Labor
in
World
• An estimated 158 million children aged 5-14 are engaged in child labor - one in six children in
the world. 

•In Sub-Saharan Africa around one in three children are engaged in child labor, representing 69
million children.

•In South Asia, another 44 million are engaged in child labor.

•Children living in the poorest households and in rural areas are most likely to be engaged in
child labor. Those burdened with household chores are overwhelmingly girls. Millions of girls
who work as domestic servants are especially vulnerable to exploitation and abuse.

•Labor often interferes with children’s education. Ensuring that all children go to school and that
their education is of good quality are keys to preventing child labor.
 Present Condition
of
Child Labor
• Child labor is still common in some parts of the world, it can be factory work,
mining, prostitution, quarrying, agriculture, helping in the parents' business, having one's
own small business (for example selling food), or doing odd jobs.

• Some children work as guides for tourists, sometimes combined with bringing in business for
shops and restaurants (where they may also work as waiters). Other children are forced to do
tedious and repetitive jobs such as: assembling boxes, polishing shoes, stocking a store's
products, or cleaning.

•However, rather than in factories and sweatshops, most child labor occurs in the informal sector,
"selling many things on the streets, at work in agriculture or hidden away in houses—far from the
reach of official labor inspectors and from media scrutiny." And all the work that they did was
done in all types of weather; and was also done for minimal pay. As long as there is family
poverty there will be child labor.
 Continued…
• According to UNICEF, there are an estimated 158 million children aged 5 to 14 in child labor
worldwide, excluding child domestic labor.

•In the 1990s every country in the world except for Somalia and the United States became a
signatory to the Convention on the Rights of the Child, or CRC. Somalia eventually signed the
convention in 2002; the delay of the signing was believed to been due to Somalia not having a
government.

• Child labor is still widely used today in many countries, including India and Bangladesh. CACL
estimated that there are between 70 and 80 million child laborers in India.

•Child labor accounts for 22% of the workforce in Asia, 32% in Africa, 17% in Latin America,
1% in US, Canada, Europe and other wealthy nations. The proportion of child laborers varies a
lot among countries and even regions inside those countries.
 Steps to Stop Child Labor
• Primary education should be free, compulsory, well-resourced, relevant and nearby. It is much
easier to monitor school attendance that to inspect factories and workshops. Sponsoring a child
doesn't solve this problem - it might make us feel good, but it only helps educate one child,
isolating them from others in their community.

•Regulate global trade The World Trade Organization (WTO) is the international body charged
with overseeing and enforcing the rules of world trade as drawn up during the four decades of
GATT negotiations.

•Trade unions also play a crucial role in preventing and eliminating child labor. Adult workers
who have the right to organize, negotiate and bargain for a living wage do not have to send their
children to work. 

•We can raise awareness, we can question stores about the labor conditions under which their
goods were made, and we can demand proper labeling.
 Continued…
•Ban the worst forms of child labor. Demand the government to support the ILO Convention. To
ban the worst forms of child labor such as bonded labor, work in heavy industry or with
dangerous substances and commercial sexual exploitation.

•Give the jobs of child workers to their adult relatives This way, the family does not suffer, and
indeed should be better off, as adult wages are generally much higher than child wages.

•Education and training for women. All studies show that when women are educated, trained and
empowered, the incidence of labor by their children, especially girl children, drops dramatically.

•Some educators and social scientists believe that one of the most important ways to help child
workers is to ask their opinions, and involve them in constructing "solutions" to their own
problems. Strong advocates of this approach are Boyden, Myers and Ling; Concerned for
Working Children in Karnataka, India; many children's "unions" and "movements," and the Save
the Children family of non-governmental organizations.
 Child Education
in
India
•India continues to face stern challenges.

• Despite growing investment in education, 35% of its population is still illiterate; only 15% of
Indian students reach high school, and just 7% graduate. 

•As of 2008, India's post-secondary high schools offer only enough seats for 7% of India's
college-age population, 25% of teaching positions nationwide are vacant, and 57% of college
professors lack either a master's or PhD degree.

• Both free education and the ban on child labor are difficult to enforce due to economic disparity
and social conditions.

• However, due to shortage of resources and lack of political will, this system suffers from
massive gaps including high pupil teacher ratios, shortage of infrastructure and poor level of
teacher training.
 Challenges
To
Child Education in India
• Reaching some 8 million children not yet enrolled and ensuring retention of all students till they
complete their elementary education.

•Ensuring education is of good quality so it improves learning levels and cognitive skills. Also,
India still faces challenges in providing quality Early Childhood Development programs for all
children.

•While more than 95 percent of children attend primary school, just 40 percent of Indian
adolescents attend secondary school.

•Curriculum and teaching practices need upgrading to impart more relevant skills, such as
reasoning skills, problem solving, learning-to-learn, and critical and independent thinking.

•Public-private partnerships need to be expanded to tap into the potential offered by the 60
percent of secondary schools which are privately managed in India
 Continued…
• More and higher quality vocational education is required to adequately prepare youth for
current jobs. This requires:

•Expanding vocational training in high-growth sectors to overcome existing skills shortages

•Setting common standards for training and reforming institutional governance for greater private
sector involvement so that training can dynamically adapt to changing labor market demand.

•Ensuring accountability and good use of resources.

•Tertiary education needs to be expanded, especially among low and middle-income students.
This will require reforms in the governance structure of higher education, decentralization, and
major investments in faculty development.

•Certainly parents want their children to flourish in school but, a parent’s responsibility related to
this success must not be undervalued. In school and in life, dependable encouragement from the
mother and the father is essential in developing a student’s self-belief and awareness of the
accomplishment.
 Educational Right
of
Children
•The right to education is recognized as a human right and is understood to establish an
entitlement to education.

•According to the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights the right to

education includes the right to free, compulsory primary education for all, an obligation to
develop secondary education accessible to all in particular by the progressive introduction of free
secondary education, as well as an obligation to develop equitable access to higher education in
particular by the progressive introduction of free higher education.

•The right to education has been universally recognised since the Universal Declaration of

Human Rights in 1948 (though referred to by the ILO as early as the 1920s) and has since been
enshrined in various international conventions, constitutions and development plans. 
 The Right of Children
to
Free and Compulsory Education Act
•The Right of Children to Free and Compulsory Education Act or Right to Education Act (RTE),
which was passed by the Indian parliament on 4 August 2009, describes the modalities of the
provision of free and compulsory education for children between 6 and 14 in India under Article
21A of the Indian Constitution. India became one of 135 countries to make education a
fundamental right of every child when the act came into force on 1 April 2010.

•The Act makes education a fundamental right of every child between the ages of 6 and 14 and
specifies minimum norms in elementary schools. It requires all private schools to reserve 25% of
seats to children from poor families (to be reimbursed by the state as part of the public-private
partnership plan). It also prohibits all unrecognized schools from practice, and makes provisions
for no donation or capitation fees and no interview of the child or parent for admission.
 Female Infanticide

•Infanticide is the homicide of an infant; it can describe what might amount to a cultural act or an
offence defined by the victim's age. Often it is the mother who commits the act,
but criminology recognizes various forms of non-maternal child murder.

•In many past societies, certain forms of infanticide were considered permissible. Female
infanticide is more common than the killing of male offspring due to sex-selective infanticide.

•In rural areas where a lot of people do not have access to sex determination
facilities, female infanticide is shockingly common.

• The parents wait until the mother gives birth, and when they find out that a daughter is born,
they go ahead and kill the baby by adopting various means such as strangling the baby, giving
her poison, dumping her in a garbage bin, drowning her, burying her alive, starving her, stuffing
her mouth with salt, or leaving her outdoors overnight so she dies of exposure. 
 Female Infanticide
in India
•The practice has continued in some rural areas of India. Infanticide is illegal in India.

•According to a recent report by the United Nations Children's Fund (UNICEF) up to 50 million

girls and women are missing in India's population as a result of systematic sex discrimination.

• The UNICEF study has been criticized by the Indian Medical Association for utilizing outdated
data and for deliberately demonizing Indians for the purposes of politics. In most countries in the
world, there are approximately 105 female births for every 100 males.

•In India, there are less than 93 women for every 100 men in the population. The accepted reason
for such a disparity is the practice of female infanticide in India, prompted by the existence of a
dowry system which requires the family to pay out a great deal of money when a female child is
married. For a poor family, the birth of a girl child can signal the beginning of financial ruin and
extreme hardship.
 Female Infanticide
in
Rural India
• However this anti-female bias is by no means limited to poor families. Much of the
discrimination is to do with cultural beliefs and social norms. These norms themselves must be
challenged if this practice is to stop.

•Where the daughter's life is spared, parents often neglect her and expect her to work around the
house serving her brothers and father. Girls are rarely sent to school, and if they are, they are
removed after a few years of education and put to work - perhaps sent to cities to work as maids
in homes, and send back money earned by them.

• In all probability, they are treated far better at the homes they work in as maids than they are in
their own homes - but instances of harsh ill-treatment and abuse of such girls are also just as
common.

•Once in while there is a harsh conviction of the parent followed by some publicity, and it isn't
long before the news dies down. Surprisingly, mothers are the ones who often perpetrate the
crime, with the support of other women in her network. 
 Female Infanticide
in
Urban India
•Sadly though, educated, urban and fairly wealthy people too often nurse a desire for a male
child, and although they may not kill their daughter after she is born, they do try and find out the
sex of their child, and abort female fetuses. 

•Although disclosing the gender of a fetus is illegal, there are numerous doctors that disclose the
child's sex for an enhanced fee, and then offer to arrange for the abortion. Thus although there is
a good law in place, its implementation is not as effective as it should be. 

•Although all of us take pride in our Indian culture, we need to recognize that there is something
fundamentally wrong with a culture that assumes the superiority of males, and that celebrates
Indian women for being meek, submissive and sacrificial. One way you can help counter this
mindset is by being proud of the women in your life, and by taking pride in yourself if you are a
woman.
 How to control
Female Infanticide?
•One of the earliest methods of saving illegitimate and abandoned babies was the formation of
foundling homes (orphanages). The first foundling home was opened in 787 C.E. in Italy.
Foundling homes were opened across Europe, quickly filling to capacity. 

•Several authors contend that the legalization of abortion has resulted in decreased rates of
infanticide. Pro-life supporters counter that abortion represents nothing more than preterm
infanticide.

•With increasing reports of abandoned babies, legislators are searching for alternative methods to
protect newborns. The U.S. Congress and over half of the states are considering legislation to
decriminalize the abandonment of newborns in designated safe locations.
 Prostitution
of
Children
• Prostitution of children or child prostitution is a form of child sexual abuse involving
the commercial sexual exploitation of children in which a child performs the services
of prostitution, for financial benefit. The term normally refers to prostitution by a minor, or
person under the local age of majority.

•The form of child prostitution in which people travel to foreign countries for the purposes of
avoiding laws in their country of residence is known as child sex tourism.

•The provision of children for sexual purposes may also be an object of exchange between adults.
Many children are prostituted over the Internet with the use of webcams to facilitate this abuse,
and child pornography may be linked to the prostitution.
 Child Prostitution
In
India
•There are estimated to be over 900 000 sex workers in India. 30% are believed to be children.
Recent reports estimate that the number of children involved in prostitution is increasing at 8
to10% per annum.

•About 15% of the prostitutes in Mumbai (Bombay), Delhi, Madras, Calcutta, Hyderabad and
Bangalore are children. It is estimated that 30%of the prostitutes in these six cities are under 20
years of age.

•Nearly half of them became commercial sex workers when they were minors. Conservative
estimates state that around 300 000 children in India are suffering commercial sexual abuse,
which includes working in pornography.

• In India, sexual exploitation of children has its roots in traditional practices, beliefs and gender
discrimination. According to some research, child prostitution is socially acceptable in some
sections of Indian society through the practice of Devdasi.
 Continued…
•The fear of HIV/AIDS has increased the demand for virgins and children. Clients mistakenly
believe that children have fewer chances of contracting the disease.

•About 7,000 sex workers cross over from Nepal into India every year. 66% of the girls are from
families where the annual income is about Rs5 000. They may be sold by their parents, deceived
with promises of marriage or a lucrative job or kidnapped and sold to brothel owners.

•Child sex workers are not confined to big cities. A survey in Bihar revealed that roadside
brothels for truck drivers in the Aurangabad and Sasaram districts offered sex workers aged
between 6 and 18 years.

•Today there is existence of 'kid porn' where children and not adults are chosen for sexual
exploitation. 70% of women are forced into prostitution and 20% of these are child prostitutes.
 Causes
of
Child Prostitution
•Prevention of Devdasis Act has been in the statute book since 1935 and amended recently but
the system continues even today despite governmental ban, Still the girls are dedicated to the
Goddess and forced into virtual prostitution and made to entertain males in order to invoke the
blessings of the deity.

•It is also noticed that young and old men prefer young and new girls.

•Growing poverty, increasing urbanization, and industrialization, migration, and widespread

unemployment, breaking up of joint family system etc. are also responsible for the prevalence
and perpetuation of the child prostitution.

•The influx of the affluent and not so affluent people from Gulf countries in India has boosted the
flesh trade in cities like Bombay, Hyderabad etc.

•Quick marriages without proper knowledge of the bridegroom's family background leading to a
divorce initiates the gravitation of girls to the red light area.
 Continued…
•Another inaction is after rape. The poor girl was forced into silence by the threats of dire
consequences. The children are not lured into it but are thrust into it.

•Many a times when a child who has lost both his parents is looked after by the relatives and
these relatives too force the child into prostitution.

•Child marriages are a common phenomenon even today and the bride is very much younger to
the bridegroom so the husband drives the innocent wife into prostitution.

•Some of them are lured to Bombay the tinsel town. They dream of stellar roles in films and
mostly end up as prostitutes in the cages.

•Quick marriages without proper knowledge of the bridegroom's family background leading to a
divorce initiates the gravitation of girls to the red light area.
 Illegal Organ Transplant
of
Children
•With the global market for organs increasing by leaps and bounds, illegal and unethical
agreements for sale of human organs became rampant in India.

•Cornea transplantation, child heart transplants and kidney donations are carried out illegally in
several hospitals across the country. 

•With regard to kidney rackets alone, the annual turnover in India is reported to be forty crores!
Illegal rackets in India also extend to skin tissue or patches, cornea and placental tissue.

Further, the Voluntary Association of India estimates that removal of organs from live donors,
with or without their consent, is growing across the country and worse, increasing every year!
 Continued…
•Several inefficiencies have corrupted the healthcare system in India, leading to shocking levels
of illegal organ trafficking.

•The Government of India established the Human Organs Transplant Act 1994 to curb such
illegal trafficking.

•The law exempted close relatives of the recipient such as siblings, parents or children, from the
Act which meant that they could donate the organ without legal clearance.

•India is reported to be the world’s biggest center for trade in human organs.

• What's  shocking is that this is supported by a hidden network of qualified doctors and
paramedical.
 Kidnapping
of
Children
•Kidnapping is the taking away or transportation of a person against the person's will, usually to
hold the person in false imprisonment, a confinement without legal authority.

•This may be done for ransom or in furtherance of another crime, or in connection with a child
custody dispute.

•Kidnapping for ransom is a common occurrence in various parts of the world today, and certain
cities and countries are often described as the "Kidnapping Capital of the World.“

• Each year, approximately 58,000 missing children are abducted by non-family members.

•Every day, these offenders lure unsuspecting children into vehicles and homes. Most of these
kids are not prepared for the reality of "stranger danger" and, therefore, tend to trust unknown
adults.
 Continued…
•Most abducted children are eventually recovered. The majority of these children return home
with visible or emotional scars.

• A small number of kidnapped children are never located. And, in rare instances, some abducted
children are murdered by the stranger who betrayed their trust.

•Despite the grim statistics, you have the ability to reduce the likelihood of child abduction.

•By joining other parents and collectively teaching your kids the importance of stranger danger,
you can stop these appalling crimes before they happen.

•Typically, strangers who kidnap children commit their crimes with intent to harm their young
victims.

• In nearly 80 percent of non-family child abductions cases, the victim is sexually assaulted or
physically abused by the perpetrator.
 Conclusion
•Human rights of children are the rights of special protection and care afforded to the
young, including their right to association with both biological parents.

•Interpretations of children's rights range from allowing children the capacity for autonomous
action to the enforcement of children being physically, mentally and emotionally free from abuse,
though what constitutes "abuse" is a matter of debate. 

•New- born infants, especially female babies are constantly left behind or killed. In many places
female adolescents and young women are exposed to mandatory virginity testing.

•Several kinds of mutilations have been practiced, e. g. castration of boys (eunuchs), uvulectorny,
female circumcision.

•Another horrible ill- treatment is kidnapping of children or ‘voluntary’ sate of children for
adoption, labor (slavery), prostitution or organ transplants.

•Throughout history children, i. e. human beings below the age of eighteen years, have been
exposed to violations. ’ There is a gradual transition between neglect, maltreatment and torture of
children?