States, Nations and

Globalization
 STATE
• Is a community of persons, more or less
numerous, permanently occupying a definite
portion of territory, independent of external
control, and possessing an organized
government to which a great body of
inhabitants render habitual obedience.
Elements of State
 1. People
• Refers to the inhabitants or
population of a state.
 2. Territory
• The geographical area wherein the
state can impose its laws and
policies.
• Components: land, water and air
 3. Government
• Is the machinery of state through
which the will of the state is express,
formulated and carried out.
 FORMS OF
GOVERNMENT

1. Distribution of
Power
a. Unitary government
power is held by one
central authority.
B. Confederation it is a
voluntary association of
independent states that often
only delegate a few powers to
the central government.
Weak or loose organization of
states agrees to follow a
powerful central government.
2. Citizen Participation
A. Autocracy. Form of government wherein one person
possesses unlimited power. The citizen has limited, if any, role in
government.
Form of Autocratic Government
1. Absolute or Totalitarian Dictatorship. The ideas of a single
leader glorified. Government tries to control all aspects of social
and economic life.
2. Absolute Monarchy. The king, queen, or emperor
exercises the supreme and unlimited powers of
government wherein the position is usually inherited.
B. Oligarchy. It is the government by the few.
• Sometimes a small group exercises control,
especially for corrupt and selfish purposes.
• The group gets its power from military power,
social power, wealth, religion or a
combination.
C. Democracy. It is a government based on the
consent of the governed. The people are the
sovereign, thus, they hold the highest political
authority.
3. Legitimacy
a. De jure. It is a form of government wherein it has the
peoples support and possess constitutional mandate.
Therefore, it is a legitimate government.
b. De facto. It is a form of government supported by the
people but no constitutional mandate or legal support.
Executive and Legislative Relationship
a. Presidential – a form of government in which executive
branch exists separately from the legislature. The president is
constitutionally independent from the legislature because
they are elected directly by the people.
b. Parliamentary – a form of government in which members
of an executive branch (the cabinet and its leader - a prime
minister are nominated to their positions by a legislature or
parliament, and are directly responsible to it)
 4. Sovereignty
• Refers to the both jurisdiction
(the ability of a state to exercise
its authority over its territory and
people) and independence (the
freedom from external control)
Theories of State
 1. Divine Right Theory
• The state was created by God.
• The ruler is ordained by God to
govern the people.
 2. Necessity or Force Theory
• The state came into existence out of
conquest, force or coercion.
• Before the state existed there were always
leaders strong enough to assert their
leadership and power through force,
conquest, or violence.
 3. Patriarchal Theory
• The state evolved from the smallest unit
of society – the family.
• Gradually, the family headed by a
parent enlarged into a clan and later on,
the clan expanded into tribe, the tribe
into nation and nation into state.
 4. Social Contract Theory
• State is a product of agreement.
• It is formed by means of a social contract of men
who lived in a state of nature.
• State of nature means society lived together
without any super body to establish peace and
order as well as to settle conflicts.
 5. Instinctive Theory
• The state came into being because of
the natural inclination of society
towards political association for self
– preservation and security.
 6. Economic Theory
• State is developed out of man’s economic
wants.
• A state came into existence because no
individual is self – sufficient, we all have
many needs and we need others to satisfy
all these needs.
 7. Historical/ Evolution Theory
• State is a product of history.
• State is created due to gradual and
continuous development of the society
from primitive to communal complex
society.
 Inherent Power of the State
1. Police Power – it is the power of the state to regulate
individual’s rights and property for the general
welfare.
2. Power of Eminent Domain – it is the power of the
state to take private property for public purpose after
payment of just compensation.
3. Power of Taxation – the power of the state to impose
taxes for public
Concept of Nation
➢ Nation (Anderson 1991, Poggi 2008) is the social
construction of a collective identity. It is an imagined
political community that is imagined as both inherently
limited and sovereign.
➢ It is also defined as a group of people who share the
same territory, geography, language, customs and
sometimes religion.
 Difference between State and Nation
State Nation
• it is legal political. • is racial cultural.
• People organized for law within • People psychologically joined
a definite territory. together with common will to
• A state must be sovereign. live together.
• Inhabited by heterogeneous of • People continue as a nation even
People groups if they do not remain sovereign.
• Inhabited by homogenous group
of people.
Concept of Globalization
• Globalization also known as global industrialism is a
process of forging international political, economic,
religious, and socio-cultural interconnections. The
concept of sovereign nation-states is increasingly being
challenged by globalization.
• Advances in telecommunication and transportation technologies
accelerated globalization.
• The Internet has made all nations
next-door neighbors.
• Advantages of global firms:
– The ability to locate expertise and labor around the world.
– The ability to operate 24 hours a day.
– A larger market for their products.
• The Hardware is cheaper today than in the past.
• Even for those who can use a computer, accessing all the benefits
of having one is beyond their understanding.