Hardware

Components -
CPU
M1: Introduction to Embedded Systems
Embedded Processor
 For a GPP to Qualify as an Embedded Processor
 Architecture must be optimized for RT op
 Support atomic operations

 Used for complex real –time functions

 RISC CPU + CISC special unit
 I960 – CPU+ Interrupt +DMA

Embedded System Design - RL1.2.2 © K.R.Anupama & Meetha.V.Shenoy 2

One process - Inc a value
- Memory Location
Read value

Inc value

Write value

Embedded System Design - RL1.2.2 © K.R.Anupama & Meetha.V.Shenoy 3

2 processes are running - inc a
single, shared memory location
Read value
Suspend
Task1
Inc value

Read value

Inc value
Restore
Task1
Write value

Write value

Embedded System Design - RL1.2.2 © K.R.Anupama & Meetha.V.Shenoy 4

Atomic Operations
 An operation during which a processor can simultaneously read a
location & write it in the same bus operation
 This prevents any other processor or I/O device from writing or
reading memory until the operation is complete
 Atomic implies indivisibility & irreducibility
 An atomic operation must be performed entirely or not performed
at all

Embedded System Design - RL1.2.2 © K.R.Anupama & Meetha.V.Shenoy 5

DSP
 µp core + MAC
 Provides fast discrete –time signal processing streams
 Stream 1 - TMS 64xx – Texas
 Stream 2 – SHARC – AD
 Stream 3 – 5600xx – Motorola

Embedded System Design - RL1.2.2 © K.R.Anupama & Meetha.V.Shenoy 6

Application Specific
System Processors [ASSP]
 Specific tasks such as MPEG coding
 I2 chip – TCP/UDP – IP, ARP, Ethernet,10/100

 Faster than s/w solution using GPP

 RTOS-less solution
 IIM 700 - serial –to – Ethernet converter

 ASSP is used as an additional processing unit – instead of

embedded s/w - AES

Embedded System Design - RL1.2.2 © K.R.Anupama & Meetha.V.Shenoy 7

Multi-processor Systems
 Speech signal compressing & coding
 Communication unit
 Keyboard display i/f
 Image Processing

 Multiple processors are used when a single processor cannot

meet the needs of different tasks

Embedded System Design - RL1.2.2 © K.R.Anupama & Meetha.V.Shenoy 8

Factors taken into account
during processor selection
 Instruction Set
 Max- bits in operand (Size of the processor) – 8/16/32
 Clock frequency in MHz
 Processing speed in MIPS
 Dhrystone – uses a bench mark program
 1 MIPS = 1757 Dhrystones – VAX 11/780

Embedded System Design - RL1.2.2 © K.R.Anupama & Meetha.V.Shenoy 9