Descriptive Statistics Prepared by:

Jhunar John M. Tauy, RPm

 Descriptive
Statistics

• procedures for summarizing

a group of scores or
otherwise making them
more understandable.
Frequency Distribution
]
 Frequency
Distribution

• an organized tabulation of
the number of individual
located in each category on
the scale of measurement.
 Frequency Tables

• ordered listing of number of

individuals having each of
the different values for a
particular variable.
Frequency Tables (Example 1)
The following set of N 20 scores was obtained from a 10-point statistics
quiz. We organize these scores by constructing a frequency distribution
table. Scores:

8, 9, 8, 7, 10, 9, 6, 4, 9, 8,
7, 8, 10, 9, 8, 6, 9, 7, 8, 8
Frequency Tables (Example)
Frequency Tables (Seatwork #1)
How stressed have you been in the last 2½ weeks, on a scale of 0 to 10,
with 0 being not at all stressed and 10 being as stressed as possible?

8, 7, 4, 10, 8, 6, 8, 9, 9, 7, 3, 7, 6, 5, 0, 9,
10, 7, 7, 3, 6, 7, 5, 2, 1, 6, 7, 10, 8, 8
Frequency Tables (Example)
How to make Frequency Tables
1. Make a list down the page of each possible
value, from highest to lowest.
2. Go one by one through scores, making a mark
for each next to its value on your list.
3. Make a table showing how many times each
value on your list is used.
4. Figure the percentage of scores for each value.
 Proportions and
Percentage

Proportion
• it measures the fraction of
the total group that is
associated with each score.
 Proportions and
Percentage

Percentage
• an amount of something,
often expressed as a number
out of 100.
Example of FDT w/ Proportion and
Percentage
 Grouped Frequency
Table
• frequency table in which the
number of individuals (frequency)
is given for each interval of values.
• Interval - range of values in a
grouped frequency table that are
grouped together. (For example, if
the interval size is 10, one of the
intervals might be from 10 to 19.)
How to make Grouped Frequency Tables
1. Determine the range, class size (K), and class
width/interval (CW). (Range = HS-LS) , Use the Sturge
Formula (K = 1 + 3.3 log n), CW = R/K
2. There should be no overlapping elements in the class
intervals.
3. Show or include all classes.
4. There should be enough classes to accommodate all data.
5. The classes must be equal in width.
Grouped Frequency Table
The following are the speeds of 40 cars clocked by radar
on a particular road in a 35-mph zone on a particular
afternoon:
30, 36, 42, 36, 30, 52, 36, 34, 36, 33, 30, 32, 35, 32, 37,
34, 36, 31, 35, 20,24, 46, 23, 31, 32, 45, 34, 37, 28, 40, 34,
38, 40, 52, 31, 33, 15, 27, 36, 40

Make a grouped frequency table including the percentage

Ways of Presenting
the Data
 Histogram
• barlike graph of a frequency
distribution in which the values are
plotted along the horizontal axis
and the height of each bar is the
frequency of that value; the bars
are usually placed next to each
other without spaces, giving the
appearance of a city skyline.
Histogram
How to make a Histogram
1. Make a frequency table (or grouped frequency table).
2. Put the values along the bottom of the page from left to
right, from lowest to highest.
3. Make a scale of frequencies along the left edge of the page
that goes from 0 at the bottom to the highest frequency for
any value.
4. Make a bar above each value with a height for the
frequency of that value.
Make a Histogram based on the following
frequency table.
Make a Histogram based on the following
frequency table.
 Frequency
Polygon
• continuous line that
represents the frequencies
of scores within a class
interval, based on a
histogram; used for
continuous data.
Frequency
Polygon
 Column Chart

• used when comparing the

frequencies of different
categories with one another.
Column
Chart
 Bar Graph
• identical to column charts,
but in this chart, categories
are organized vertically on
the y-axis, and values are
shown horizontally on the x-
axis.
Bar Graph
 Line Graph

• used to show a trend in

the data at equal
intervals
Line Graph
 Pie Graph

• used when you want to

show the proportion of
an item that make up a
series of data points.
Pie Graph