Agenda

Session 1 – Introduction
December 13, 14:30-16:30

• Motivations
• Basic concepts
– The Strategic Dependency Model
– The Strategic Rationale Model
• More Examples
– Software process modelling
– Software architecture
– Business redesign
• Homework 
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© Eric Yu 2001
 2
© Eric Yu 2001
The intentional structure of a software
process

• What goals does an actor want others to

achieve?
• What tasks does an actor want others to
perform?
• What resources does an actor want others to
furnish?
• The intentional structure of a software process
ismodelled as a network of intentional
dependencies among actors – the actor
dependency model.
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Understanding a software process

• The “whys” can be traced to motivations, goals, and interests of

different participants/ stakeholders in the software process. 4
© Eric Yu 2001
Modelling the intentional structure of a
(simple) software process

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Roles, Agents, and Positions

6
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Software
process
example
from
IWSP 6/7

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Analyzing opportunities

• Matching Wants and Abilities

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Analyzing vulnerabilities

• Example of enforcement mechanism

– Reciprocal dependency
• Loop analysis 9
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 Analyzing vulnerabilities

• Example of assurance mechanism

– Goal synergy or conflict
• Node analysis
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 Agenda
Session 1 – Introduction
December 13, 14:30-16:30

• Motivations
• Basic concepts
– The Strategic Dependency Model
– The Strategic Rationale Model
• More Examples
– Software process modelling
– Software architecture
– Business redesign
• Homework 
11
© Eric Yu 2001
Modelling software architecture with i*

Daniel Gross & Eric Yu. Evolving System Architecture to Meet Changing Business
Goals: an Agent and Goal-Oriented Approach. ICSE-2001 Workshop: From
Software Requirements to Architectures (STRAW 2001) May 2001. pp. 13-21.

Daniel Gross & Eric Yu.

From Non-Functional Requirements to Design through Patterns. Requirement
Engineering. (2001) 6:18-36.

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Agents at Design Level

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Design
Reasoning

Daniel Gross & Eric Yu. Evolving System Architecture to Meet Changing Business
14 Goals:
an Agent and Goal-oriented Approach. © Eric
STRAW01
Yu 2001 at ICSE 2001.
 Goals in Design Patterns
The reasoning structure behind the Observer pattern

Daniel Gross & Eric Yu. From Non-Functional Requirements to Design 15

through Patterns. Requirement Engineering. (2001) 6:18-36.
© Eric Yu 2001
 Agenda
Session 1 – Introduction
December 13, 14:30-16:30

• Motivations
• Basic concepts
– The Strategic Dependency Model
– The Strategic Rationale Model
• More Examples
– Software process modelling
– Software architecture
– Business redesign
• Homework 
16
© Eric Yu 2001
Strategic Modelling for
Enterprise Integration

Eric Yu
University of Toronto
14th World Congress
International Federation of Automatic Control
July 5-9, 1999 Beijing China

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Consider one very successful enterprise...

• important organizational and social

aspects are missing in conventional models
© Eric Yu 2001
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A Strategic Dependency Model

LEGEND
goal dependency
task dependency
actor resource dependency
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softgoal dependency
© Eric Yu 2001
Wants and Abilities

I can
I want provide
... ...

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© Eric Yu 2001
Some strategic dependencies between IKEA and
its customers

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© Eric Yu 2001
A Strategic Rationale Model

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Roles, Positions, Agents
LEGEND

agent

position

role

• A Strategic Dependency
model showing reward
structure for improving
performance, based on an
example in [Majchrzak96]
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 Agenda
Session 1 – Introduction
December 13, 14:30-16:30

• Motivations
• Basic concepts
– The Strategic Dependency Model
– The Strategic Rationale Model
• More Examples
– Software process modelling
– Software architecture
– Business redesign
• Homework 
24
© Eric Yu 2001
Homework exercise:
Work out a small i* modelling example
from your own experience

• At least 2 SD models (before vs. after, or as-is

vs. to-be) and an SR model showing the
reasoning behind the change.
• Pick an area that you know well, or have
thought about recently.
• Characteristics to look for:
– 2 or more actors (possibly with multiple roles)
– Different strategic interests, possibly conflicting
– Some freedom of action in operational processes
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Example areas (just to get your imagination going…)

• E-business models – clicks vs. bricks, B2C, B2B

• Educational systems, organizational structures – online
vs. classroom learning
• Healthcare – payment methods, prevention vs.
treatment
• Government/administrative processes – multi-step
approval processes, can they be concurrent?
• Financial services – linking to purchase patterns?
• Food production, preparation, delivery, consumption –
cultural preferences, differences. Eg. Pizza online?
• Entertainment – personalized video programming?
• Transportation – parking & traffic congestion
• Publishing – e-books, e-journals…
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Once you have a basic model…
(an as-is SD, and an initial SR)

Consider whether these are applicable:

– Producer/consumer relationships
• What do they want from each other?
– Regulators, evaluators, … - why are they needed?
– Intermediaries, eg. Brokers
– Markets vs. hierarchies
– Roles vs. holders of roles
For ideas about alternative SD’s, consider:
– Eliminating or adding actors (eg. Intermediaries)
– Shifting responsibilities between 2 actors (move up/down
along means-ends chain)
– Changing the dependency type (eg. Softgoal to hardgoal)
– Reassigning roles to different agents/positions
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Further ideas about sources of
disturbances prompting change

• New technologies – Internet, mobile phone, GIS, web

services, digital imaging, ….
• New knowhow, techniques – preventive healthcare…
• Migration of people, with knowhow, attitudes,
resources – gain/loss
• Changes in attitudes – eg. Notions of quality, safety…
• Changes in supply/demand of important resources –
eg. Oil, time – abrupt change or critical limits
• Changes in legislation, policies, authorities,
standards, dominant players, …
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