Content

1-Waste Production

2-Waste Problems

3-Waste Prevention
Waste Production
1. Commercial

2. Mining and Quarrying

3. Agriculture

4. Demolition and Construction

5. Industrial

6. Dredged Spoil

7. Municipal
Waste Production
1. Commercial

Commercial waste consists of waste from premises used

mainly for the general purposes of a business or trade
or for the purpose of recreation, education, sport, or
entertainment. 
Waste Production
2. Mining and Quarrying Waste
• wastes which are obtained during the process of separating minerals from ores
and other materials extracted during mining-and-quarrying activities.

• Quarrying is the process of removing rock, sand, gravel or other minerals from

the ground in order to use them to produce materials for construction or other uses.
So, a quarry is any such working on the surface of the earth where minerals are
extracted
Waste Production
3. Agriculture Waste
Agricultural waste is waste produced as a result of various agricultural
operations. It includes manure and other wastes from farms, poultry
houses and slaughterhouses; harvest waste; fertilizer run- off from fields;
pesticides that enter into water, air or soils; and salt and silt drained from
fields.
Waste Production
4. Demolition and Construction Waste
Construction and demolition waste (C&D) is generated during the
construction, renovation, and demolition of buildings or structures. These
wastes include materials such as concrete, bricks, wood and lumber,
roofing, drywall, landscape and other wastes.
Waste Production
5. Industrial Waste
• Industrial waste is the waste produced by industrial activity which
includes any material that is rendered useless during a manufacturing
process such as that of factories, industries, mills.

• Industrial waste may be solid, liquid or gaseous.

Waste Production
6. Dredged Spoil
• Dredge spoil refers to unconsolidated, randomly mixed sediments
composed of rock, soil, or shell materials extracted and deposited
during dredging and dumping activities. Dredge spoils lie unconformably
upon natural, undisturbed soil and can form anthropogenic landforms
– dredge spoil bank
Waste Production
7. Municipal Waste
• Municipal waste is defined as waste collected and treated by or for municipalities. It
covers waste from households, including bulky waste, similar waste from commerce
and trade, office buildings, institutions and small businesses, as well as yard and
garden waste, street sweepings, the contents of litter containers, and market
cleansing waste if managed as household waste.
Wastes Production

Common Sources of Waste

Sources From Chemical Industry

Synthetic Route of Phenol from Benzene

Sources From Chemical Industry

Synthetic Route of Phenol from Cumene

Sources From Chemical Industry

Original Boots Route

to Ibuprofen
Sources From Chemical Industry

Current Route to Ibuprofen

Problems of Waste
THE COST OF WASTE
• The Triple Bottom Line (TBL) is a term coined by management
consultant John Elkington in 1997. It refers to the three interlinked
strands of social, environmental and financial accountability.
THE COST OF WASTE
Problems of Waste
General Example
• HCl and CO cause the atmospheric pollution
• Although CaS can be used as a pesticide it has foul smell
and cause land contamination.
Waste Minimization Techniques
Pollution Prevention Hierarchy
• Prevention & Reduction
• Recycling & reuse
• Treatment
• Disposal
Waste Minimization Techniques
1-The Team Approach to Waste Minimization
 Waste Minimization Techniques
2. Process Design for Waste Minimization
• Once various practical routes, based on sound chemistry, have been identified
it is important to visualize the whole process through a process flow sheet
(PFS) incorporating expected mass balances and atom efficiencies.

From evaluation of the flow sheets the various routes can be compared in term of:

• Volume of waste
• Nature of waste
• Mass balance
• Product contaminants
• Outline material cost
• Complexity of processing and associated costs
• Requirement for any special equipment
• Energy requirements
• Toxicity/handling issues
Waste Minimization Techniques
3. Minimizing Waste from Existing Process
 Waste Minimization Techniques
4. Onsite Waste Treatment
• Waste treatment falls into three broad categories, physical treatment, chemical
treatment and biological treatment. An important aspect of waste treatment,
particularly of wastewater streams is concerned with controlling the oxygen
demand of the waste stream.

• Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD) is the amount of oxygen consumed in 5 days on

treatment of the waste stream with a mixture of microbes.
• Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) is related to the amount of chromic acid
consumed in oxidizing the waste stream.
• Theoretical Oxygen Demand (THOD) is the amount of oxygen required to convert
all organic substances to carbon dioxide and water.
Waste Minimization Techniques
Physical Treatment
• The main purpose of the physical treatment process is to separate the
waste material into like phases, usually in order to reduce the total
waste volume or make treatment simpler. The physical treatment
process are various forms of filtration or distillation. Types of filtration
processes include:

• Traditional cloth filters

• Centrifuges
• Micro and ultra filtration
• Other membrane techniques
• The use of resin beds
Waste Minimization Techniques
Chemical Treatment
• Neutralization techniques are frequently used to scrub waste acidic or
basic gases (e.g. SO2 or NH3) from reactors or distillation column vents.
• Oxidative treatment is a very powerful way of dealing with low levels
of toxic waste in solution. Oxidizing agents are hydrogen peroxide, ozone,
sodium hypochlorite and potassium permanganate.
• Wet air oxidation is becoming an increasingly popular technology for
treating aqueous effluent streams containing species that are difficult to
treat by other means, e.g. polyphenols, or that contain relatively high
levels of organics e.g. some surfactant waste stream.
Waste Minimization Techniques
Chemical Treatment
• Chemical reduction is less frequently used for waste treatment but
does find one important application in treatment of waste containing
highly toxic Cr(IV). Commonly employed reducing agents include Fe(II)
salts and sodium metabisulfite (Na2S2O5). The reduced product, Cr(III)
has a lower toxicity and can be removed from basic solution by filtration.
Waste Minimization Techniques
Biotreatment Plants
• Biodegradation is the breakdown of organic material by microbial
activity, the organic material acting as a food supply.
• The degradation process is a series of enzyme-catalyzed steps that, ideally,
result in complete degradation or mineralization of the product.
Types of Biotreatment Plant
• Degradation of organic compounds can occur either aerobically or
anaerobically, both processes requiring an adequate supply of organic
substrate (food), usually together with a source of nitrogen and other
essential nutrients to enable the micro-organism to grow.
• Aerobic treatment plants also require a source of oxygen whilst
anaerobic plants require an electron acceptor such as Fe3+
 Waste Minimization Techniques
Design for Degradation
Polymers

• The vast majority of plastics are no-degradable, eventually being put into landfill sites, where they will

probably remain for hundreds of years.

Waste Minimization Techniques
Polymer Recycling
1- Separation and Sorting: In order to make separation easier for the
consumer an international plastic recycle code mark is printed on larger
items.
Waste Minimization Techniques
Polymer Recycling
2- Incineration: Incineration of plastic waste either alone or as part of
municipal waste is often perceived by the public to be an
environmentally unsound process because of the production of residual
ash containing heavy metals and the possibility of dioxin formation
from chlorine-containing waste.
Waste Minimization Techniques
Polymer Recycling
3- Mechanical Recycling : Mechanical recycling of plastics refers to the
processing of plastics waste into secondary raw material or products
without significantly changing the chemical structure of the material. In
principle, all types of thermoplastics can be mechanically recycled with
little or no quality impairment. It is currently the almost sole form of
recycling in Europe, representing more than 99% of the recycled
quantities.
4-Chemical Recycling to Monomers