IID Policy Environment in the Philippines

Policies, Programs and Institutions

Prof. E. E. Ricote
ASPAP Inc.
 Situational Backgrounder
(Policy Context)

• Policymaking process (agenda-setting-formulation-formalization- adoption-

implementation) formalized in institutions with policy making mandate (legislative
branch)

• Executive Branch translates legislation into executive policies (Exec/Admin

Orders) at the sector and/or department levels (Implementing Rules and
Regulations, Dept Order, Memo Circular, etc) and down to local governments
(Local Council Provisions)

• Critical role of institutions with specific legal mandates (policymaking, regulatory,

oversight, implementing, etc) in translating policies to programs, projects and
activities

• Has provisions for participation by non-state governance actors

• Politicized and constrained by institutional and fiscal limitations

 Public Policy Process in the Philippines
Policy Cycle POLICY STAGES in the PHILIPPINES Institutions
Agenda Setting Public sector’s development requirements; State actors – legislators,
Amendments to current policies; Sectoral executive offices,
advocacies, etc. Non-state actors –
development agencies,
industry, private business,
NGOs/Pos, etc.
Policy FORMULATON Policymakers in the legislative and executive Congress (Republic Acts)
(national and local) take up the agenda Executive (Implementing
Policy ADOPTION Formal enactment of the official and legal Rules and Regulations,
policy instrument after a series of dialogues and Exec Order, Admin Order,
Policy Dept. Order, Memo
FORMALIZATION consultations with state and non-state sectors;
presentation of options Circular, etc)
LGUs (Council
Resolutions)
Policy Translation of the policy into programs and Executive Branch –
IMPLEMENTATION projects at the executive branch - from the Departments, Agencies,
President to the line agencies and concerned LGUs, Budget Department
institutions at the national and local levels; Office, Civil Service,
Mobilization of resources - funds, personnel, etc. Regulatory and Oversight
Agencies
Policy Evaluation Policy Implementation Review and Evaluation
towards Agenda Setting
 The Phil Inclusive Dev Agenda
INCLUSIVE GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT
OUTCOMES Reduce Poverty Increase Employment
PHIL
DEVELOPMENT
PLAN 2011-2016
3 BROAD 1.High and Sustained 2. Equal Access to Dev 3.Effective and
STRATEGIES Economic Growth Opportunities Responsive Social Safety
Nets

1) High and sustained economic growth - attain a high and sustained

economic growth that provides productive employment opportunities
2) Equal access to development opportunities – a) better education,
primary health care and nutrition and other basic services; b) equal access to
infrastructure, credit, land, technology and other productive inputs; c) improve
governance and strengthen institutions to promote competition
3) Effective and responsive social safety nets – protect and enable
those who do not have the capability to participate in the economic growth process
 Selected Phil IID Policies
Criteria – a) critical inclusive growth driver; b) has a formally adopted
legal/policy basis; b) went through the policy processes; c) under implementation

PDP 2011-2016 Public Program Implementing

Chapter Policies Institutions

Chapter 5 – RA 7718 Public-Private Partnership (PPP) NGA, NEDA-ICC

Infrastructure EO 8 Program GOCCs, LGUs,
EO136

Chapter 8 RA 10354 Reproductive Health Program DOH, LGUs

Social
Development
EO 221 Conditional Cash Transfer Program DSWD, DOH, DepEd,
AO 15 (Pantawid Pamilyang Pilipino LGUs
Program – 4Ps)

RA 8425 KALAHI-CIDDS NAPCC, DSWD,

HDPRC, LGUs

Chapter 10 RA 10121 Disaster Risk Reduction and NDRRMC, LGUs

Environment Management Program
 Profiling the Public Policies (1)
Public-Private-Partnerships (PPP) Policy
Policy Cycle
Policy Emanated from constitutional provision on the role of private sector in development;
Formulation Private sector finance regarded as resource under the development assistance
program
Policy Adoption RA 7718 – (Amended BOT Law, 1994) - Enacted to provide solid legal basis to
engage private sector financing and technology in critical infrastructure and
Policy development sectors; IRR committee created to develop Implementing Rules and
Formalization Regulations (IRR) which was amended in 2012
Executive Order # 8 (2010) – Formalized PPP Program; Established a PPP Center
as main coordinating agency; Mandated implementing agencies (IAs/GOCCs/LGUs)
to develop PPP projects; create PPP units
Executive Order 136 (2013) – Established a PPP Governing Board

Policy PPP Center established to provide project development and capacity building
Implementation interventions to IAs/GOCCs/LGUs; DBM mobilized funds for the PPPC and its
Project Development Monitoring Facility (PDMF), DOF (Contingent Liability Fund)
and Infra Agencies (Strategic Support Fund)
Current Pipeline of PPP Projects – 6 Awarded Projects (PhP45 B); 4 Projects
Under Bidding (PhP121 B); 16 Projects Under Review and Structuring; 18 projects
under study
Policy Evaluation Proposed amendment to RA 7718 submitted to Congress; Certified priority bill
 Profiling the Public Policies (2)
Reproductive Health Policy
Policy Cycle
Policy Draws historical basis on 1967’s Declaration on Population by 12 countries
Formulation including the Phil whereby population be considered a principal element for long
term economic development; Proposed by the health department as a comprehensive
response to guarantee universal access to methods on contraception; fertility control,
sex education and maternal care
Policy Adoption Republic Act 10354 (2012) – Responsible Parenthood and Reproductive Health Act
Policy While there was general agreement about its provisions on maternal and child care,
Formalization there remains a huge debate about its mandate that the state and private sector will
fund and undertake widespread distribution of family planning devices, birth control
pills and IUDs and government continues to disseminate information on their use in
health centers
Policy Implementing Rules and Regulations (IRR) has yet to be developed
Implementation Funding allocation has yet to be mobilized through DOH and other agencies with
specific roles – FDA, LGUs, etc.
Family planning and responsible parenthood component to be integrated in anti
poverty programs (Chapter 12)
Policy Evaluation A petition questioning the constitutionality of the RH Law was raised to the Supreme
Court which voted, in March 2013, to issue a status quo ante order halting its
implementation
 Profiling the Public Policies (3)
Disaster Risk Reduction and Management (DRRM) Policy
Policy Cycle
Policy Drew urgency from old law’s (P.D. 1566) disaster management policy focused only
Formulation around the hazard and the impacts of a disaster. It assumed that disasters cannot be
avoided. Most of the plans were on the provision of relief goods and infrastructure.
The DRRM Act came as a response to increasing risk of disasters in the face of
intensified global climate change.
Policy Adoption Republic Act 10121 – DRRM Act Amending previous policies and providing a
Policy comprehensive DRRM Program. The DRRM Act adopts and adheres to principles
Formalization & strategies consistent with the international standards set by the Hyogo Framework
for Action (HFA), a comprehensive, action‐oriented response to international
concern on disaster impact on individuals, communities & national development.
Policy Implementing Rules and Regulations (IRR) – Focus on integrated priorities for
Implementation action towards disaster risk reduction – a) disaster preparedness; b) risk assessment;
c) vulnerability reduction; d) knowledge management and, e) governance
Inter-agency National Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Council
(NDRRMC) with defined roles for government agencies, local governments, civil
society, private sector and the affected local communities
Policy Evaluation Evaluation of policies, processes and institutional roles reiterated in the light of
recent disasters that highlighted readiness and coordination challenges between
national and local governments
 Profiling the Public Policies (4)
Kapit Bisig Laban sa Kahirapan- Comprehensive Integrated
Delivery of Social Services (KALAHI-CIDSS)
Policy Cycle
Policy Formulation Framed from the National Anti-Poverty Program (Social Reform Act)
Consolidated the lessons and strategies of the two poverty reduction programs – CIDSS
(DSWD) and Kecamatan Development Program (Indonesia)
Policy Adoption Social Reform and Poverty Alleviation Act (RA 8125 - 1998)
Embodied in Philippine Development Plan (PDP 2011-2016) and NAPC’s community
Policy
driven development (CDD) thrust .
Formalization
Scaling up of the CDD through the Human Development and Poverty Reduction
Cluster - NAPC, DAR, DA, DepEd, DOE, DILG, DOLE, etc.

Policy First Phase (KC-1) 2003-2010 – 42 poorest provinces (over 50% nationwide) assisted
Implementation in small scale but responsive to community-identified needs (e.g. school buildings,
health stations, day-care centers, post-harvest facilities, etc)
By end of 2010, the project funded partially by WB has covered a total of 5,543
barangays (villages) in 200 municipalities
Millennium Challenge Account Phil (MCA-Phil) funded KC-II (Aug 2011) and
benefited 160 municipalities in 24 provinces, as 2,672 subprojects completed including
249 school buildings, 198 water systems, 117 day-care centers, 99 health stations, 45
flood and river control systems

Policy Evaluation Consolidation of lessons and challenges (c/o DSWD) particularly on the role of local
governments - towards policy, process and implementation improvements
 Case Study - Conditional Cash Transfer Guidelines
(Pantawid Pamilya Program)
Policy Cycle
Policy Evolved from the social development objective of breaking the inter-generational
Formulation poverty cycle through investments (health, education) in human capital;
Inspired and adopted from other developing countries’ cash transfer schemes to selected
beneficiaries provided they comply with program conditions
Expected to help fulfill Phil’s MDG Goals – 1) Eradicate extreme poverty and hunger;
2) Achieve universal primary education; 3) Promote gender equality; 4) Reduce child
mortality; 5) Improve maternal health
Policy Adoption Executive Order 221 (2003) - Redirected the functions and operations of the DSWD
Policy to provide assistance to LGUs, NGOs, Pos, etc. effectively implementing services to
Formalization reduce poverty; empower poor individuals/families/communities
Administrative Order 15 (2008) – Guidelines on the Implementation of a Pantawid
Pamilya Program (Conditional Cash Transfer Program)
Policy Program Coverage – 79 provinces covering 1,484 municipalities and 143 key cities in
Implementation all 17 regions nationwide
Program Cycle – 1) selection of target beneficiaries; 2) supply side assessment; 3)
selection of households; 4) registration and validation; 5) family registry preparation
6) initial payment; 7) verification of compliance; 8) 2 nd and succeeding releases
Program Package – Ph6,000 a year or Ph500 per household for health and nutrition
expenses; Ph3,000 a school year (10 months) or PhP300/month/child for educational
expenses; maximum of 3 children per household
 Case Study - Conditional Cash Transfer Guidelines
(Pantawid Pamilya Program)
Policy Cycle CHALLENGES ENCOUNTERED
Policy Translation of policy objectives into specific implementing guidelines
Formulation covering various sectors (education, health) , levels of implementation
(national and local governments and communities) and the multi-sector
participants and stakeholders (private/NGO conduits, development agencies

Policy • Clarification of mandates/roles/deliverables of concerned public institutions

Adoption and private/non-public actors/participants
• Monitoring and evaluation framework and mechanics
Policy
• Accountability mechanisms (systems, processes, institutions, fiscal, etc)
Formalization

Policy • Local constraints and realities – database/documentation and ICT concerns

Implementation • Location/distance concerns relative to disbursements, tracking, monitoring
• Political and community considerations relative to selection, verification,
transparency and accountability
• Creativity and Innovation in handling/managing challenges
• Public Communications
 Policies Innovations
and Programs
 Creative project structures that tap private sector
Public-Private financing instead of government budget or official
Partnerships(PPP) development assistance
 Tapping of private sector efficiencies (i.e.
construction, operations, maintenance, ICT, etc)
 Risk sharing arrangements facilitated risks transfer
from government to private partners
 The Project Development Facility (PDMF) facilitated
due diligence in project preparation and
procurement at no cost to government
Reproductive Health  Proper policy context and content that include
Law social dimensions of reproduction that made the
law take its appropriate social relevance and
urgency
 Creative approaches to drive and articulate policy
objectives
KALAHI-CIDDS  Simplification of processes and procedures
 The community driven development (CDD)
approach facilitated people empowerment
 The sense of ownership among the participants
and stakeholders encouraged by the CDD approach
built up a renewed sense of accountability in them
Disaster Risk  Clarity in the delineation of roles and tasks by
Reduction and various national and local institutions
Management  Utilization of ICT-based methodologies/approaches
Program (DRRM)  Primacy of public communications (i.e. traditional
and social media) as a tool
The Conditional  Creative consolidation of health/nutrition,
Cash Transfer education and productivity-inducing interventions
Program into one program
 Customization of similar best practice and
experience from other countries
Inclusiveness Aspects
 The expanded definition of infrastructure to include
development projects (i.e. social infrastructure such as
education, health, etc)
 Generation of jobs and related economic activities that
directly impact on poverty reduction targets
 Infrastructure directly impacts on expansion of logistic
chains and integration of multimodal national transport
and logistics systems
 Savings generated (Avoided Cost)which can be allocated
to social requirements
 Social and economic considerations (i.e. quality of family
life, health and nutrition, women’s health, children
welfare, etc) appropriately captured in all phases of the
policy process and dialogue
 Reproductive health’s direct correlation with economic
productivity prudent use of public sector resources
 Participation by the entire community, including formal
and traditional leaders, representatives of different
sectors, individuals, groups, and local organizations
 Participation of women and indigenous people and
broadening the base of participation prevents elite
capture of project activities and benefits.
 Participation by all state and non-state actors both at the
national and local levels
 Direct correlation between disaster reduction,
rehabilitation and management and productivity,
employment, resource generation and sustainable
development
 Direct benefit to education, health/nutrition targets
 Generation of productive activities that bring about
employment, access to opportunities and resources
 Lessons and Recommendations
• Innovation can be institutionalized into the policy process. Diligence in
the development and processing of policy inputs is crucial

• Inclusive and innovative development need not always require new

legislation. It can take the form of amendments to existing legislation or
translation of policies into more focused policy instruments further broken
down into specific programs and projects

• Institutions play a central role in the IID policy advocacy. Their

strength or weakness (authority, structure, systems, fiscal/human resources)
spell the difference in making innovation evolve and thrive in an inclusive
manner throughout the policy process, especially at implementation

• Context is key. The existing and evolving policy, institutional and socio-
political realities are as important as the Content of the IID policy
 Lessons and Recommendations
• Innovations at inclusiveness can be replicated, customized and
expanded. There is a need to document and make available
information and knowledge

• Capacity building for all policy actors – state and non-state

stakeholders – should be continuous and accessible

• Credible institutions (or network of institutions such as UNIID-SEA)

should lead the advocacy and action to
– Build up an IID policy research agenda in the region in a collaborative manner
– Forge partnerships with organizations/partners pursuing similar advocacies
– Document learning, develop knowledge, disseminate and communicate
– Facilitate a thriving venue/platform for continued discourse, learning, sharing
and capacity building of institutions, organizations, persons and other IID
champions
Thank you.

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