VOICE OVER INTERNET PROTOCOL

Prepared by:
Mohammed Nawfal Al-Damluji
201117017
Under supervision of:
Dr. Raed Al-Zubi

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Outline:
What is it?

Why VoIP?

How does it work?

Issues to consider.

The road ahead.

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 What is it?
Voice over IP is the technique of transmitting the
phone calls (voice communications) over an IP
based network such as the internet.
VoIP uses the internet as transporting medium
rather than the Public Switched Telephone
Network (PSTN).
VoIP provides the base for more advanced services
(e.g., video conferences).

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 What is it?
VoIP activation requires an internet connection
and special equipments in order to be compatible
with the PSTN, and to exploit its services.
Equipments may be a gateway for compatibility, a
VoIP telephone, a regular telephone connected to
an analog terminal adapter (ATA).
A personal computer can be used through a
dedicated software to provide a voice/video
connection (e.g., Skype, Viber,…).

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 What is it?
Below is a scheme that illustrates the general
layout of an internet network that provides VoIP
while being compatible with a PSTN.

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 Why VoIP?
VoIP technology enjoys two main advantages over
the traditional PSTN, which are:
Lower costs.
Wider range of functions and services.

PSTN uses electro-mechanical systems that must

be modified to adapt modern digital equipment
which raises costs.
VoIP embraces the packet switching, which allows
it to provide features not available in the PSTN.

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 Why VoIP?
Lower cost:

1- Both the service provider and the end user can

observe the benefits of the VoIP cost savings.
2-The provider saves cost by using a single network for
carrying voice and data instead of fitting an additional
processing equipment in the analog network.
3- The user saves cost as well, since there is a variety of
features in VoIP services with low fees or even free of
charge (online calling software, caller ID, call
waiting,..).
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 Why VoIP?
Wider range of functions & services:
VoIP technology offers features that the PSTN can’t
provide, or at a lower cost, such as:
1- Video connection.
2- Ease of mobility.
3- Number portability.
4- Multiple calls establishment.
5- Ability of establishing a free private network.
6- Online features(voice mail, bill paying, call
recording…).

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 How does it work?
A broadband connection is a must to activate VoIP
service, while the end user hardware and software
enable him to establish the call.
Dedicated protocols must be applied to set the
routes in the network to direct the packets to their
destination.
VoIP technology requires a special hardware
equipment to set up the network and being able to
hold the call sessions.
QoS is one of the main issues for the VoIP to
control. 9
 How does it work?
The phases that occurs in a VoIP system:
1.Analog voice coding:
-Analog-to-digital conversion
-Signal compression
2.Signaling:
-Call set-up and tear-down
-Coding negotiation
3.Transport:
-Packet transmission
-Routing
-Quality of Service
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 How does it work?
Analog voice coding:
1- The conversion of the mechanical voice into a stream of bits, which is
done by the A/D converter.
2- VoIP can do with less throughput to send the packets, so the data
compression is a good compromise. A voice codec is needed to achieve
the compression, and the types are listed below:

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 How does it work?
Signaling:
 A session establishment is needed to set the specs of the
connection, and this is the task of the session control protocols.
 Signaling protocols use TCP to manage the call setup and its
parameters (call presence, locate user, setting up the line,
connection format, and line termination).
 Common signaling protocols:

1- H.323 by ITU-T
2- Session Initiation Protocol (SIP)
3- Media Gateway Control Protocol (MGCP)

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 How does it work?
Transport:
 After compressing the data, the packets will become ready to be
transmitted whenever the line session has been set up.

 RTP (Real -time Transport Protocol) is used for transporting packets

through the network, by defining the packet format to be delivered.

 RTCP (RT Control Protocol) works simultaneously with the RTP, by

monitoring transmission statics and providing QoS feedback.

 UDP is used for sending packets (faster than TCP for real time
applications), while RTP will control the packets arriving order and
the time needed to ensure voice quality.

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How does it work?

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 Issues to consider:
Quality of service:
 A disadvantage of the VoIP is being less reliable than the PSTN.

 Less reliability comes from the VoIP being packet switching (there’s
no guarantee that the packets will be delivered).
 The QoS of the voice will be affected by some factors, like:
 Latency: Delay for packet delivery. This happens in slow networks,
which leads to delay and echo.
 Jitter: Variations in delay of packet delivery, generally caused by
congestion in the IP network.
 Packet loss: Occurs when too much traffic on the network causes
dropped packets. This results in dropped calls or delay.
 Codec Type: Different codecs use different compression algorithms.
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 Issues to consider:
Bandwidth:
VoIP requires high BW in order to provide a robust service level,
which may add a separate line in addition to the standard line
used for other services.
Security Issues:
Like any internet-based device, VoIP technology is susceptible to
network hacking, causing several types of attacks (Denial of
Service, data harvesting, privacy breaking, sniffing,…).
Power Supply Dependency:
Unlike PSTN phones, VoIP equipment operate on electricity, so if
the power goes down, the connection will be lost.

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 Issues to consider:
Emergency calls:
In the US, emergency calls help police stations to locate the
position of the caller (fixed line), while the VoIP is much more
difficult to locate.

Lack of redundancy
Compatibility with traditional analog telephone
sets
Support for other telephony devices

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 The road ahead:
The first VoIP software was released by Vocaltec in 1995,
 and had been designed for a home Pc and used similar
attachments.
Year 2004 saw the introduction of mass-market VoIP
services that utilize existing broadband access.
 Multiple evolution types for VoIP exist, like the PSTN-like
VoIP, PBX-like VoIP.
Enhancing QoS and reducing latency is a major challenge
in the future development of VoIP.

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 References:
David Wang ,Voice over IP, UT Arlington.
Voice over IP, PDF Document.
www.voip-info.org
www.voip-sip.org
En.wikipedia.org
Stephen Okay, Introduction to VOIP, Abdus Salam Int’l
Center for Theoretical Physics, Trieste, Italy, 2007
Timo Smura & Heikki Hämmäinen, The role of VoIP: Future
evolution paths of voice communications.

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 Thank You
For Listening