Chapter10. Analysis of Statically Indeterminate Structure by Force Method

Chapter 10:
Analysis of Statically Indeterminate Structures by the Force Method
Structural Analysis 7th Edition in SI Units

Russell C. Hibbeler
Statically Indeterminate Structures
• Advantages & Disadvantages

• For a given loading, the max stress and deflection
of an indeterminate structure are generally smaller
than those of its statically determinate counterpart
• Statically indeterminate structure has a tendency to
redistribute its load to its redundant supports in
cases of faulty designs or overloading
Chapter 10: Analysis of Statically Indeterminate Structures by the Force Method

Structural Analysis 7 th Edition
© 2009 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd
• Advantages & Disadvantages

• Although statically indeterminate structure can
support loading with thinner members & with
increased stability compared to their statically
determinate counterpart, the cost savings in
material must be compared with the added cost to
fabricate the structure since often it becomes more
costly to construct the supports & joints of an
indeterminate structure
• Careful of differential disp of the supports as well
• Method of Analysis
• To satisfy equilibrium, compatibility & force-disp
requirements for the structure
• Force Method
• Displacement Method

Force Method of Analysis: General
Procedure
• From free-body diagram, there would be 4
unknown support reactions
• 3 equilibrium eqn
• Beam is indeterminate to first degree
• Use principle of superposition & consider the
compatibility of disp at one of the supports
• Choose one of the support reactions as redundant
& temporarily removing its effect on the beam

Procedure
• This will allow the beam to be statically
determinate & stable
• Here, we will remove the rocker at B
• As a result, the load P will cause
B to be displaced downward
• By superposition, the unknown
reaction at B causes the beam
at B to be displaced upward

Procedure
• Assuming +ve disp act upward, we
write the necessary compatibility
eqn at the rocker as:
0   B   ' BB
 ' BB  B y f BB
 ' BB  upward disp at B

B y  unknown reaction at B
f BB  linear flexibility coefficient
sub second eqn into first eqn , we get :

0   B  B y f BB
Procedure
• Using methods in Chapter 8 or 9 to solve for B
and fBB, By can be found
• Reactions at wall A can then be determined from
eqn of equilibrium
• The choice of redundant is arbitrary

Procedure
• The moment at A can be determined directly by
removing the capacity of the beam to support
moment at A, replacing fixed support by pin
support
• The rotation at A
caused by P is A
• The rotation at A
caused by the
redundant MA at
A is ’AA
Procedure
Similarly,  ' AA  M A AA
Compatibility requires :
0   A  M A AA

Maxwell’s Theorem of Reciprocal Disp:
Betti’s Law
• The disp of a point B on a structure due to a unit
load acting at point A is equal to the disp of point
A when the load is acting at point B
f BA  f AB
• Proof of this theorem is easily demonstrated using

the principle of virtual work

Maxwell’s Theorem of Reciprocal Disp:
Betti’s Law
• The theorem also applies for reciprocal rotations
• The rotation at point B on a structure due to a unit
couple moment acting at point A is equal to the
rotation at point A when the unit couple is acting
at point B

Example 10.1
Determine the reaction at the roller support B of the beam. EI is

constant.

Solution
Principle of superposition
By inspection, the beam is statically indeterminate to the first
degree. The redundant will be taken as By. We assume By acts
upward on the beam.

Solution
Compatibility equation
( ) 0   B  B y f BB eqn(1)
 B and f BB are easily obtained using standard table.
9000kNm 3 576m 3
B  ; f BB 
EI EI
Sub into eqn (1) :
9000 576
0  By  B y  15.6kN
EI EI
Example 10.4
Draw the shear and moment diagrams for the beam. EI is

constant. Neglect the effects of axial load.

Solution
Principle of Superposition
Since axial load is neglected,
the beam is indeterminate to the
second degree. The 2 end
moments at A & B will be
considered as the redundant.
The beam’s capacity to resist
these moments is removed by
placing a pin at A and a rocker at B.

Solution
Compatibility eqn
Reference to points A & B requires
0   A  M A AA  M B AB eqn (1)
0   B  M A BA  M B BB eqn (2)
The required slopes and angular flexibility coefficients can be
determined using standard tables.
151.9 118 .1
A  ; A 
EI EI
2 2 1
 AA  ;  BB  ;  AB   BA 
EI EI EI
Solution
Compatibility eqn
Sub into eqn (1) and (2)gives :
151.9  2   1 
0  M A   M B  
EI  EI   EI 
118 .1  1   2 
0  M A   M B  
EI  EI   EI 
M A  61.9kNm; M B  28.1kNm,

Composite Structures
• Composite structures are composed of some

members subjected only to axial force while other
members are subjected to bending
• If the structure is statically indeterminate, the
force method can conveniently be used for its
analysis

Example 10.10
The beam is supported by a pin at A & two pin-connected bars at

B. Determine the force in member BD. Take E = 200GPa & I =
300(106)mm4 for the beam and A = 1800mm2 for each bar.

Solution
Principle of superposition
The beam is indeterminate to the first degree. Force in member
BD is chosen as the redundant. This member is therefore
sectioned to eliminate its capacity to sustain a force.

Solution
Compatibility eqn
With reference to the relative disp of the cut ends of member
BD, we require
0   BD  FBD f BDBD (1)
The method of virtual work will be used to compute BD and fBDBD

Solution
Compatibility eqn
For BD we require application of the real loads and a virtual unit
load applied to the cut ends of the member BD. We will consider
only bending strain energy in the beam & axial strain energy in
the bar. L Mm nNL
 BD 
0 EI
dx   AE
3 (30 x  3.333 x 3 )(0) dx (69.3)(0.816)(1.8 / cos 30 o )
 0 EI

AE
(0)(1)(1.8 / cos 45 o )

AE
 0.326mm
Solution
Compatibility eqn
For fBDBD we require application of a real unit load & a virtual unit
load at the cut ends of member BD.
L m2 n2 L
f BD  
0 EI
dx  
AE
3 (0 2 ) dx (0.816) 2 (1.8 / cos 30 o ) (1) 2 (1.8 / cos 45o )
 0 EI

AE

AE
 1.092(10 5 )m / kN

Solution
Compatibility eqn
Sub into eqn (1) yields
0   BD  FBD f BD BD
0  0.0003264  FBD (1.092)(10 5 )
FBD  29.9kN (C )

Additional remarks on the force method of
analysis
• Flexibility coefficients depend on the material and
geometrical properties of the members and not on
the loading of the primary structure
• For a structure having n redundant reactions, we
can write n compatibility eqn
1  f11 R1  f12 R2  ......  f1n Rn  0
 2  f 21 R1  f 22 R2  ......  f 2 n Rn  0

 n  f n1 R1  f n 2 R2  ......  f nn Rn  0
Additional remarks on the force method of
analysis
 BD are caused by both the real loads on the
primary structure and by support settlement &
dimensional changes due to temperature
differences or fabrication errors in the members
• The above eqn can be re-cast into a matrix form
or simply:
fR  
• Note that fij=fji

• Hence, the flexibility matrix will be symmetric
Symmetric Structures
• A structural analysis of any highly indeterminate

structure or statically determinate structure can be
simplified provided the designer can recognise
those structures that are symmetric & support
either symmetric or antisymmetric loadings
• For horizontal stability, a pin is required to support
the beam & truss.

• Here the horizontal reaction at the pin is zero, so both

these structures will deflect & produce the same
internal loading as their reflected counterpart
• As a result, they can
be classified as being symmetric
• Not the case if the fixed support
at A was replaced by a pin since
the deflected shape & internal
loadings would not be the same
on its left & right side
• A symmetric structure supports an antisymmetric

loading as shown
• Provided the structure is
symmetric & its loading is
either symmetric or
antisymmetric then a
structural analysis will only
have to be performed on half the members of the
structure since the same or opposite results will be
produced on the other half
• A separate structural
analysis can be performed
using the symmetrical
& antisymmetrical loading
components & the results
superimposed to obtain
the actual behaviour of
the structure

Influence lines for Statically
Indeterminate Beams
• For statically determinate beams, the deflected
shapes will be a series of straight line segments
• For statically indeterminate beams, curve will
result
• Reaction at A
• To determine the influence line for the reaction at A
, a unit load is placed on the beam at successive
points
• At each point, the reaction at A must be computed
Indeterminate Beams
• Reaction at A
• A plot of these results yields the influence line
• The reaction at A can be determined by the force
method
• The principle of superposition is applied
• The compatibility eqn for point A is:

Indeterminate Beams
• Reaction at A
• A plot of these results yields the influence line
• The reaction at A can be determined by the force
method
• The compatibility eqn for point A is:

0  f AD  Ay f AA  Ay   f AD / f AA
• By Maxwell’s theorem of reciprocal disp
 1 
f AD   f DA Ay    f DA
 f AA 
Indeterminate Beams
• Shear at E
• Using the force method & Maxwell’s theorem of
reciprocal disp, it can be shown that
 1 
VE    f DE
 f EE 

Indeterminate Beams
• Moment at E
• The influence line for the moment at E can be
determined by placing a pin or hinge at E
• Applying a +ve unit couple moment, the beam then
deflects to the dashed position
 1 
M E    f DE
  EE 
Indeterminate Beams
• Moment at E
• The influence line for the moment at E can be
determined by placing a pin or hinge at E
• Applying a +ve unit couple moment, the beam then
deflects to the dashed position

Qualitative Influence lines for Frames
• The shape of the influence line for the +ve

moment at the center I of girder FG of the frame
is shown by the dashed lines
• Uniform loads would be placed only on girders AB,
CD & FG in order to create the largest +ve
moment at I

Example 10.11
Draw the influence line for the vertical reaction at A for the beam.
EI is constant. Plot numerical values every 2m

Solution
The capacity of the beam to resist reaction Ay is removed. This is

done using a vertical roller device. Applying a vertical unit load at
A yields the shape of the influence line. Using the conjugate beam
method to determine ordinates of the influence line.

Solution
For B' , since no moment exists on the conjugate beam at B'
 B  M B'  0
For D' ,
 M D'  0
18 1  2   2  34.67
 D  M D'  (2)   (2)  
EI 2  EI   3  EI

Solution
For C' ,
 M C'  0
18 1  4   4  61.33
C  M C '  (4)   (4)  
EI 2  EI   3  EI
For A' ,
72
 A  M A' 
EI

Solution
•Since a vertical 1kN load acting at A on the beam will cause a

vertical reaction at A of 1kN, the disp at A, A should correspond
to a numerical value of 1 for the influence line ordinate at A.
•Thus dividing the other computed disp by this factor, we obtain

x Ay
A 1
C 0.852
D 0.481
B 0

Chapter10. Analysis of Statically Indeterminate Structure by Force Method

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Chapter 10:

Analysis of Statically Indeterminate Structures by the Force Method

Structural Analysis 7th Edition in SI Units

• Advantages & Disadvantages

Chapter 10: Analysis of Statically Indeterminate Structures by the Force Method

• Advantages & Disadvantages

Chapter 10: Analysis of Statically Indeterminate Structures by the Force Method

Chapter 10: Analysis of Statically Indeterminate Structures by the Force Method

Chapter 10: Analysis of Statically Indeterminate Structures by the Force Method

 ' BB  upward disp at B

sub second eqn into first eqn , we get :

Chapter 10: Analysis of Statically Indeterminate Structures by the Force Method

Chapter 10: Analysis of Statically Indeterminate Structures by the Force Method

• Proof of this theorem is easily demonstrated using

Chapter 10: Analysis of Statically Indeterminate Structures by the Force Method

Chapter 10: Analysis of Statically Indeterminate Structures by the Force Method

Determine the reaction at the roller support B of the beam. EI is

Chapter 10: Analysis of Statically Indeterminate Structures by the Force Method

Chapter 10: Analysis of Statically Indeterminate Structures by the Force Method

 B and f BB are easily obtained using standard table.

Draw the shear and moment diagrams for the beam. EI is

Chapter 10: Analysis of Statically Indeterminate Structures by the Force Method

Chapter 10: Analysis of Statically Indeterminate Structures by the Force Method

Chapter 10: Analysis of Statically Indeterminate Structures by the Force Method

• Composite structures are composed of some

Chapter 10: Analysis of Statically Indeterminate Structures by the Force Method

The beam is supported by a pin at A & two pin-connected bars at

Chapter 10: Analysis of Statically Indeterminate Structures by the Force Method

Chapter 10: Analysis of Statically Indeterminate Structures by the Force Method

Chapter 10: Analysis of Statically Indeterminate Structures by the Force Method

Chapter 10: Analysis of Statically Indeterminate Structures by the Force Method

0  0.0003264  FBD (1.092)(10 5 )

Chapter 10: Analysis of Statically Indeterminate Structures by the Force Method

• Note that fij=fji

• A structural analysis of any highly indeterminate

Chapter 10: Analysis of Statically Indeterminate Structures by the Force Method

• Here the horizontal reaction at the pin is zero, so both

• A symmetric structure supports an antisymmetric

Chapter 10: Analysis of Statically Indeterminate Structures by the Force Method

Chapter 10: Analysis of Statically Indeterminate Structures by the Force Method

• The compatibility eqn for point A is:

Chapter 10: Analysis of Statically Indeterminate Structures by the Force Method

Chapter 10: Analysis of Statically Indeterminate Structures by the Force Method

• The shape of the influence line for the +ve

Chapter 10: Analysis of Statically Indeterminate Structures by the Force Method

Chapter 10: Analysis of Statically Indeterminate Structures by the Force Method

The capacity of the beam to resist reaction Ay is removed. This is

Chapter 10: Analysis of Statically Indeterminate Structures by the Force Method

For B' , since no moment exists on the conjugate beam at B'

Chapter 10: Analysis of Statically Indeterminate Structures by the Force Method

Chapter 10: Analysis of Statically Indeterminate Structures by the Force Method

•Since a vertical 1kN load acting at A on the beam will cause a

•Thus dividing the other computed disp by this factor, we obtain

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