Nursing As A Profession: Dr. Thelma C. de Mesa RN, Man, Usrn, PHD

NURSING AS A
PROFESSION
Dr. Thelma C. De Mesa RN,MAN,USRN, PhD
CLASS' RULES & REGULATIONS
1. Come on time.
2. Wear proper uniform.
3. Do not forget to affix your signature the time you entered
the classroom on the attendance sheet.
4. Nobody is allowed to go out
during lecture hours except during breaks.
5. Submit requirements on time
6. No special quizzes or exam will be given
to those who are late or absent.
7. Nobody is allowed to make unnecessary
noise during lecture hours.
8. Sleeping is prohibited during lecture hours.
9. Pick up pieces of papers, candy wrappers,
plastic bottles etc, before leaving the room.
GRADING SYSTEM
Presented by:
DR. THELMA C. DE MESA RM, RN, MAN
LECTURE CLASS
STANDING (CS)
 ATTENDANCE – - - - - - - - - - - - 10%
 DECORUM – - - - - - - - - - - - - - 5%
 REQUIREMENTS – - - - - - - - - - - 10%
 RECITATION/ performance – - - - 5%
 QUIZES – - - - - - - - - -30%
 UNIT EXAM – - - - - - - 40%
Total CS: 100 = 60% (of the total
lecture grade)
 LONG EXAM - - - - - - - = 40% (of the total

lecture grade)
RLE CLASS STANDING
(CS)
 ATTENDANCE – - - - - - - - - - - - 10%
 DECORUM – - - - - - - - - - - - - - 10%
 REQUIREMENTS – - - - - - - - - - -10%
 Performance – - - - - - - - - - - - -40%
 QUIZES – - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 30%
Total CS: 100 = 60% (of the total

RLE grade)
 LONG EXAM - - - - - - - = 40% (of the total

lecture grade)
COMPUTATION – NCM 100
To compute for Periodical Grade:
Prelim Grade = (Lec Grade x 3) + (RLE Grade x 2)

(NCM 100)
5
Example:
PG (NCM 100) = (80.2 x3) + ( 81 x2)
5
= ((240.6) + (162))/5
= ( 402.6)/5
PG (NCM 100) = 80.52

COMPUTATION
To compute for the General Ave:
(PG + MTG + FG)/3
PRELIM GRADE – 80.6
MID-TERM GRADE –
75.3
FINAL GRADE –
78.4
TOTAL= 234.3 / 3
Gen. Ave.: 78.1
OVERVIEW
 DEFINITION OF PROFESSION
 CRITERIA OF A PROFESSION
 DEFINITION OF A PROFESSIONAL
NURSE
 SCOPE OF NURSING
 ROLES AND FUNCTIONS OF A NURSE
 DIFFERENT FIELDS OF NURSING
 ETHICS AND LEGAL ASPECT OF
NURSING
What is Nursing?
Nursing- comes from the latin word - nutrix,

which means to nourish.
 Nursing is an art and science that deals with

caring for the sick or well.
 Itwas viewed as science, an art, a vocation &

a profession.
Nursing as an Art, Science, & vocation
 Art- because it is concerned with application of skills
which require proficiency & dexterity. It involves the use
of compassionate sharing, caring, consciousness,
competence & confidence. It also involves the art of
serving & nurturing for everyone who needs care.
 Science - because it requires systematic application of

knowledge. It is governed by laws & theories that are
relevant to the performance of nursing roles. It also
involves knowledge of human body & other subjects.

 Vocation - because it is a calling or impulsion to perform
caring functions, like a religious one.
Nursing as an Art, Science, & vocation
 Profession - because it is a specialized body of

knowledge which provides service to society.

 Nursing - is a scientific discipline.
 Discipline – because it is a branch of education –

known as “Nursing Education”.
 Discipline defined – an area of study; more related

to a branch of education; a department of learning.
DEFINITION OF
PROFESSION
 PROFESSION
 is an occupation that requires extensive education
 a calling that requires special knowledge, skill &
preparation.
 an occupation or calling requiring advanced
training and experience and training in some
specific or specialized body of knowledge which
provides service to society in that special field.
PROFESSIONALISM
 PROFESSIONALISM
 REFERS TO PROFESSIONAL CHARACTER,
SPIRIT OR METHODS
 A SET OF ATTRIBUTES, A WAY OF LIFE THAT
IMPLIES RESPONSIBILITY & COMMITMENT
 PROFESSIONALIZATION
 IS THE PROCESS OF BECOMING
PROFESSIONAL, THAT IS, OF ACQUIRING
CHARACTERISTICS CONSIDERED TO BE
PROFESSIONAL.
CRITERIA OF A PROFESSION
 It requires prolonged, specialized training to acquire a body of
knowledge pertinent to the role to be performed
 An orientation of the individual towards service to the community

or organization
 Ongoing research
 Code ethics
 Autonomy
 A professional organization
Criteria of a Profession
 It provides service to society, involving specialized body of

knowledge & skills.
 It possesses a unique body of knowledge which it constantly
seeks to extend in order to improve its service.
 It educates its own practitioners.
 It sets its own standards.
 It adopts its services to meet changing needs .
 It accepts its responsibility for safeguarding the public it services.
 It is motivated more by its commitment to the service it renders,

rather than by considering of economic gain.
 It adheres to a code of conduct based on ethical principles.

Criteria of a Profession According to William
Shepard

 1. A profession must satisfy an indispensable social need & must be based
upon well established & socially accepted scientific principles.
 2. It must demand adequate pre-professional &cultural training.
 3. It must demand the possession of a body of specialized & systematized

training.
 4. It must give evidence of needed skills which the public does not possess;
that is partly inherent & partly acquired.
 5. It must have developed a scientific technique which is the result of tested

experience.

Criteria of a profession according to William Shepard, cont’n
 6. It must require the exercise of discretion & judgment as to

time & manner of the performance of duty. This is in contrast
to the kind of work which is subject to standardization in
terms of unit performance or time element.
 7. It must have a group of consciousness designed to extend

scientific knowledge in technical language.
 8. It must recognize its obligations to society by insisting that

its members live up to an established code of ethics.

PROFESSIONAL NURSE
 A professional nurse is a person who
has completed a basic nursing
education program & is licensed in
his/her country or state to practice
professional nursing.
Bachelor of Science in Nursing Program
 Offers a competency – based, community- oriented

curriculum to educate future nurses to assume their
roles & responsibilities in the Philippine Health
Care System
PROFESSIONAL NURSING
 Blend of intellectual attainment attitudes, and mental skills
based upon the principles of scientific medicine acquired by
means of prescribed course in a school of nursing affiliated
with a hospital, recognized by the state and practiced in
conjunction with curative and preventive medicine by an
individual licensed to do so by the state
 - (ANA, 1937)/PRC
PROFESSIONAL NURSING
 Blend of intellectual attainment attitudes, and mental skills
 based upon the principles of scientific medicine
 acquired by means of prescribed course in a school of nursing

affiliated with a hospital,
 recognized by the state and practiced in conjunction with

curative and preventive medicine
 by an individual licensed to do so by the state
 - (ANA, 1937)/PRC
PROFESSIONAL NURSE
 LICENSED NURSE
 License is a legal document given by the government that
permits a person to offer to the public his skills &
knowledge in a particular jurisdiction , where such practice
would other wise be unlawful.
 Professional Regulation Commission is the appropriate
authority to administer, implement & enforce regulatory
policies of the government with respect to the regulations &
licensing of the various professions & occupations under its
jurisdiction .
PROFESSIONAL NURSE
 REGISTRATION
 Registration is the recording of names of persons who
have qualified under the law to practice their respective
professions.
 RA 7164 states that a nurse should have a certificate of
registration.
 REGISTRATION BY RECIPROCITY
 Reciprocity means mutuality in the grant & enjoyment
of privileges between persons or nations.
 It is based on the principle of “do ut des”.
CERTIFICATE OF REGISTRATION
Meaning of Professional Nursing

• The Philippine Nursing Act of 1991 (R.A.

7164) has been repealed by the Philippine
 Nursing Act of 2002 (R.A. 9173).
 Note the changes in the scope of nursing
practice.
 Article VI - Nursing Practice
Nursing Act of 2002 (R.A. 9173) Article VI
SEC. 28. Scope of Nursing Practice
— A person shall be deemed to be practicing nursing within the

meaning of this Act when he/she singly or in collaboration with
another, initiates and performs nursing services to individuals,
families and communities in any health care setting. It includes, but
is not limited to, nursing care during conception, labor, delivery,
infancy, childhood, toddler, pre-school, school age, adolescence,
adulthood and old age. As independent practitioners, nurses are
primarily responsible for the promotion of health and prevention of
illness. As members of the health team, nurses shall collaborate with
other health care providers far the curative, preventive, and
rehabilitative aspects of care, restoration of health, alleviation of
suffering, and when recovery is not possible, towards a peaceful
death. It shall be the duty of the nurse to:
 A person shall be deemed to be practicing

nursing within the meaning of this Act when
he/she singly or in collaboration with another,
initiates and performs nursing services to
individuals, families and communities in any
health care setting. It includes, but is not limited
to, nursing care during conception, labor,
delivery, infancy, childhood, toddler, pre-school,
school age, adolescence, adulthood and old age.
 As independent practitioners, nurses are primarily

responsible for the promotion of health and
prevention of illness.
 As members of the health team, nurses shall

collaborate with other health care providers far the
curative, preventive, and rehabilitative aspects of
care, restoration of health, alleviation of suffering,
and when recovery is not possible, towards a
peaceful death.
 It shall be the duty of the nurse to:

 Provide nursing care through the utilization of the nursing
process.
 Nursing care includes, but is not limited to, traditional and

innovative approaches, therapeutic use of self, executing
health care techniques and procedures, essential primary
health care, comfort measures, health teachings, &
administration of written prescription for treatment, therapies,
oral, topical and parenteral medications, internal examination
during labor in the absence of antenatal bleeding and delivery.
 In case of suturing of perineal laceration, special

training shall be provided according to protocol
established;
 Establish linkages with community resources and

coordination with the health team;
 Provide health education to individuals, families &

communities;
 Teach, guide & supervise students in nursing

education programs including the administration of
nursing services in varied settings such as hospitals
& clinics;
 undertake consultation services;
 engage in such activities that require the utilization

of knowledge & decision-making skills of a
registered nurse;
 Undertake nursing & health human resource

development training & research, which shall
include, but not limited to, the development of
advanced nursing practice;
 Provided, that this section shall not apply to nursing
students who perform nursing functions under the
direct supervision of a qualified faculty:
 Provided further, that in the practice of nursing in all

settings, the nurse is duty-bound to observe the Code
of Ethics for nurses and uphold the standards of safe
nursing practice.
 The nurse is required to maintain competence by

continual learning through continuing professional
education to be provided by the accredited
professional organization or any recognized
professional nursing organization:
 Provided, finally, that the program & activity for the

continuing professional education shall be submitted
to & approved by the board.
DEFINITIONS OF NURSING
 Nursing is caring.
 Nursing is an art.
 Nursing is a science.
 Nursing is client - centered.
 Nursing is holistic.
 Nursing is adaptive.
 Nursing is concerned with health promotion,
health maintenance & health restoration.
 Nursing is a helping profession.
 Nursing - is a scientific discipline.

 Discipline – an area of study. It is more
related
to a branch of education; a department of
learning.
 Nursing -
Definitions of Nursing
 Nightingale - “Nursing is an art; and it is to be
made an art, it requires as exclusive devotion,
as hard a preparation, as any painter’s or
sculptor’s work, for what is having to do with
the human body- the temple of God’s spirit.”
 Nightingale - Nursing is a vocation that needs
training & application of scientific principles
in the care of patients.
 Malison
 Nursing - like dance or painting is not
primarily an art of the written word. It’s
partially kinesthetic; transmitted in facial
expression, posture, touch, gestures, timing,
and intent.
American Nursing Association (ANA)
 Nursing - is the diagnosis & treatment of
human responses to actual or potential health
problems.
International Council of Nurses (ICN)

 Nursing - encompasses autonomous & collaborative
care of individuals of all ages, families, groups and
communities, sick or well and in all settings.
 Nursing includes the promotion of health, prevention
of illness, and the care of ill, disabled and dying people.
Advocacy, promotion of a safe environment, research,
participation in shaping health policy and in patient and
health systems management and education are also key
nursing roles.
Association of Deans of Philippine Colleges of Nursing
(ADCPN)
Nursing - is a dynamic discipline. It is an art and a
science of caring individuals, families, groups and
communities geared toward promotion and restoration of
health, prevention of illness, alleviation of suffering and
assisting clients to face death with dignity and peace. It
is focused on assisting the client as he or she responds to
health-illness situations, utilizing the nursing process and
guided by ethico-legal moral principles.
American Nursing Association (ANA)

 Nursing - is the diagnosis & treatment of
human responses to actual or potential health
problems.
 Nursing is the diagnosis & treatment of human responses to actual
& potential health problems.
- American Nurses Association
 The act of utilizing the environment of the patient to assist him in

his recovery. – Nightingale

 The unique function of the nurse is to assist the individual, sick or
well, in the performance of those activities contributing to the
health or its recovery (or to peaceful death) that he would perform
unaided if he had the necessary strength, will or knowledge, & to
do this in such a way as to help him gain independence as rapidly
as possible. – Henderson
 A humanistic science dedicated to compassionate concern with maintaining
& promoting health, preventing illness, & caring for & rehabilitating the sick
& disabled. – Rogers
 A theoretical system of knowledge that prescribes a process of analysis and

action related to the care of the ill or potentially ill person. – Roy
 A helping or assisting service to who are wholly or partly dependent - infants,

children and adults - when they, their parents & guardians, or other adults
responsible for their care are no longer able to give or supervise their care. –
Orem
 A helping profession that assists individuals and groups in society to attain,

maintain & restore health. If this is not possible, nurses help individuals die
with dignity.
 – King
 A unique profession in that it is concerned with all of the variables
affecting an individual’s response to stressors, which are intra-, inter-
& extra personal in nature. Neuman
 An external regulatory force that acts to preserve the organization and

integration of the client’s behaviour at an optimal level under those
conditions in which, the behaviour constitute a threat to physical or
social health or in which illness is found. – Johnson
 Diagnosis & treatment of human responses to actual & potential

health problems.- American Nurses Association
 Nursing is an occupation requiring a unique body of knowledge and

skills and which serves society. – Venson
Characteristics of Professional Nurse:
 1.One who recognizes & understands the

fundamental health needs of a person, sick or well
& knows how these needs can best be met.
 2. Possess a body of scientific nursing knowledge

which is based upon & keeps pace with general
scientific advancement & she will be able to apply
this knowledge in meeting the nursing needs of a
person & community.
 3. Must possess the kind of judgment which will

enable her to recognize those activities with fall
within the area of professional nursing & those
activities which have been identified with the fields
of other professional or non-professional groups.
- (Esther Lucille Brown, 1948)
Professional Nursing is involved in:

 Planning
 Execution
 Supervision
 Evaluation
 Teaching
 Organizing

 Activities among the several levels of nursing personnel to
produce an environmental, the conditions, & the skills that
will accomplish the task of nursing. - (Catherine Norris,
1970)
Qualifications & Abilities of a Professional Nurse
 A. Professional Preparation
 1. Must have a license to practice nursing in the

country;
 2. Must have a Bachelor of Science degree in
Nursing
 3. Be physically & mentally fit.
B. Personal Qualities & Professional Proficiencies
 1. interest & willingness to work & learn with individuals/groups in a variety

of settings
 2. a warm personality & concern for people
 3. resourcefulness & creativity as well as a well-balanced emotional condition
 4. capacity & ability to work cooperatively with others
 5. initiative to improve self & service;

 6. competence in performing work through the use of nursing process
 7. skill in decision-making, communicating & relating with others & being
research oriented
 8. active participation in issues confronting nurses & nursing.
 1. interest & willingness to work & learn with

individuals/groups in a variety of settings
 2. a warm personality & concern for people
 3. resourcefulness & creativity as well as a well-balanced

emotional condition
 4. capacity & ability to work cooperatively with others

 5. initiative to improve self & service;
 6. competence in performing work through the use of

nursing process
 7. skill in decision-making, communicating & relating

with others & being research oriented
 8. active participation in issues confronting nurses &

nursing.
RECIPIENTS OF NURSING
 A patient is a person who is waiting for or undergoing
medical treatment & care.
 It is a Latin word meaning “to suffer” or “to bear”.
 A client is a person who engages the advice or services of

another who is qualified to provide this service.
 Clients are the receivers of health care as collaborators in the

care; that is as people who are also responsible for their own
health.
SCOPE OF NURSING
 Three types of clients
 Individuals
 Families
 Communities
 Nursing involves 5 areas

 Promoting health and wellness
 Preventing illness
 Restoring health
 Caring for the dying
 Promotion of spiritual environment
SCOPE OF NURSING
 Promotion of spiritual environment – 5th fold , 1989
board resolution no. 633
NURSING PRACTICE ACTS
 Creation of Board of Nursing
 PD 223
An act regulating the practice of nursing profession in the

Philippines
 RA 877
 Philippine Nursing Law, June 19, 1953

 RA 4704
 The Philippine Nursing Act of 1991(R.A.7164)

 The Philippine Nursing Act of 1991(R.A.7164)
 Professional Regulation Commission has the power

to recommend nominee members of the board to the
President of the Republic,
June 22, 1973.
 The Philippine Nursing Act of

1991(R.A.7164) has been repealed by the
Phil. Nursing Act of 2002(R.A.9173)
 New Nursing law by Pres. Arroyo, July 2, 2002 will be
known as the Philippine Nursing act of 2002
 RA 9173
ROLES & FUNCTIONS OF THE
NURSE
 CAREGIVER
 Assist the client physically & psychologically while
preserving the client’s dignity
 COMMUNICATOR
 Identifies client’s problems & then communicate these
verbally or on writing to other members of the health team.
 TEACHER
 Helps the clients learn about their health & the health care
procedures they need to perform to restore or maintain
their health.
ROLES AND FUNCTIONS OF THE
NURSE
 CLIENT ADVOCATE
 Acts to protect the client.
 Presents the client’s needs & wishes to other health
professionals, such as relaying the client’s wishes for
information to the physician.
 CHANGE AGENT
 Assists clients to make modifications in their
behaviour.
 Acts to make changes in a system, such as clinical
care, if it is not helping a client return to health.
NURSE
 LEADER
 Influences others to work together to accomplish a
specific goal.
 COUNSELOR
 Helps client to recognize & cope with stressful
psychological or social problems, to develop improved
interpersonal relationships & to promote personal growth.
 MANAGER
 Delegates nursing activities to ancillary workers & other
nurses & supervises & evaluates their performance.
NURSE
 RESEARCH CONSUMER
 Utilizes research to improve client care.
 Have some awareness of the process & language of research
 Sensitive to issues related to protecting the rights of human
subjects
 Participates in the identification of significant researchable
problems
 Disseminating consumers of research findings
 CASE MANAGER
 Works with the multidisciplinary health care team to measure the
effectiveness of the case management plan & to monitor
outcomes.
EXPANDED ROLES FOR NURSES
 NURSE PRACTITIONER
 CLINICAL NURSE SPECIALIST
 NURSE ANESTHETIST
 NURSE MIDWIFE
 NURSE RESEARCHER
 NURSE ADMINISTRATOR
 NURSE EDUCATOR
 NURSE ENTREPRENEUR
BENNER’S STAGES OF NURSING
EXPERTISE
 STAGE I- NOVICE
 No experience ( nursing students), newly assigned in area
 STAGE II -ADVANCED BEGINNER
 Demonstrates marginally acceptable performance
 STAGE III-COMPETENT
 Has 2 – 3 years experience ;demonstrates organizational & planning
abilities
 STAGE IV -PROFICIENT
 3 to 5 yrs. Experience; has holistic understanding of the client. Perceives
situations as wholes rather than in terms of parts.
 STAGE V- EXPERT
 Performance is fluid, flexible & highly proficient, demonstrates highly
skilled intuitive & analytic ability in new situations.
CODE OF ETHICS
 NURSING CODE OF ETHICS

 Provides a means by which professional standards
of practice are established, maintained & improved
 gives members of the profession a frame of
reference for judgments in complex nursing
situation
 ETHICS
 the rules of principles that govern right conduct
 are designed to protect the rights of human being
Nurse’s CODE OF ETHICS
 The nurse shall perform her professional duties
in conformity with existing laws & generally
accepted principles of moral conduct & proper
decorum.
 The nurse must know her responsibilities in the
practice of her profession.
 Solicitation, direct or indirect is repugnant to the
honour & dignity of the nursing profession.
 The nurse shall not allow the use of her name in
the promotion of any commercial product or
services.
Nurse’s CODE OF ETHICS
 The nurse shall not demand or receive any

commission , fee for recommending or referring a
patient to a physician, a nurse or another health care
worker.
 The nurse shall not act in any manner prejudicial to

the other professions.
CODE OF ETHICS
 a nurse found after due notice & hearing to have violated any
provision of this code shall be guilty of unprofessional &
unethical conduct & shall suffer the
 sanction of censure or reprimand, suspension or revocation of

her certificate of registration
LEGAL ASPECTS
 ACCOUNTABILITY
 Responsible or answerable
 MALPRACTICE
 The idea of improper or unskilled care
 NEGLIGENCE
 Latin negligentia, from negligere, to neglect, literally "not to pick
up" is a legal concept in the common law legal systems usually
used to achieve compensation for injuries (not accidents).
 INCOMPETENCE
 Lack of ability, legal qualifications or fitness to discharge the
required duty
LEGAL ASPECTS
 COMMON ACTS OF NEGLIGENCE
 Burns resulting from hot water bags, heat lamps, vaporizers, sitz bath
 Objects left inside the body like sponges, suction tips, loose dentures
lodged in patients trachea
 Falls of elderly, unconscious, sedated patients, i.e. Those have not yet
recovered from anesthesia
 Falls of children whose side rails of beds were not pulled up and locked
 Failure to observe and take appropriate actions

LEGAL ASPECTS
 Specific examples of negligence
 Failure to report observations to attending physicians
 Mistaken identity
 Wrong medicine, route, concentration, dose
 Defects in the equipment
 Errors due to family assistance
 Administration of medicine without physician’s prescription

LEGAL ASPECTS
 DOCTRINE OF Res Ipsa loquitor
 The thing speaks for itself.
 DOCTRINE of Force Majeur

 An irresistible force, act or accident which human prudence
can neither foresee nor prevent.
 Circumstances such as flood, fire, earthquake and accidents
 DOCTRINE of Respondeat Superior

 Let the superior answer.
Different fields of Nursing
 Hospital or institutional nursing
 Public health nursing or community health nursing
 Private duty or special duty nursing
 Nursing education
 Military nursing
 School nursing
 Clinic nursing
 Independent nursing practice

Fields of Nursing
 1. Hospital nursing or institutional nursing

 2. Public health nursing or community health nursing
 3. Private duty or special duty nursing
 4. Industrial or occupational health nursing
 5. Nursing education
 6. Military nursing
 7. School nursing
 8. Clinic nursing
 9. Independent nursing practice
 10. Aerospace nursing or flight nursing
HOSPITAL OR
INSTITUTIONAL
Directs nursing care to
patient together with other
health care workers
 It has different fields of

specialization:
Surgery, Pediatrics, Ob-Gyn,
Medical , Orthopedic etc.
HOSPITAL OR
INSTITUTIONAL
 As a member of the health care
team, participates in all phases
of patient care of the acutely
ill, the convalescing & the
ambulatory patient.
Advantages of Staff Nursing in Hospitals
 1. There is always a supervisor whom one can consult if problems
exist.
 2. Nurses are updated with new trends in medicine & in the nursing
care of patients.
 3. They undergo rotation to different units & have a chance to

determine their special area of choice before they are assigned
permanently in one area such as Medicine, Pediatrics, Surgery, ICU-
CCU, Obstetrics, Operating Room, Delivery Room, etc.
 4. They have an eight-hour day & a forty-hour week duty which

provide for 2 days of rest away from duty.
 They have provisions for sick leaves, holidays & vacations with pay
according to personnel policies of the institution.
Advantages of Staff Nursing in Hospitals
 5. They have the chance to get promoted to higher

positions if they are qualified.
 6. Salary increases are given periodically according to

merit system thereby increasing their initiative & best
efforts.
 7. They are considered an important member of the health

team in providing care to the patients.
 8. More staff development programs are available in

hospitals.
Disadvantages of Staff Nursing in
Hospitals
Disadvantages do not outweigh advantages.
 1. There is a great possibility of understaffing which may
require nurses to put in overtime work & sacrifice some of
their plans. This is especially true in hospitals where budget
for personnel is limited.
 2. Because of the bulk of work, some staff nurses do not

find time to improve their skills through continuing education
programs. Or, if the hospitals are far-flung, no continuing
education programs are provided.
 3. Administrative problems & overwork may tend to

dissatisfy the staff nurse.
PUBLIC HEALTH NURSING OR
COMMUNITY HEALTH NURSING
The focus of care is only family &

community health rather than on an
individual basis.
It gives the nurse a perspective of
the health condition of the
community.
Advantages Public Health Nursing or
CHN
 Give much emphasis on promotion of health &

prevention of disease rather than care of the sick
 1. The focus of nursing care is only family & community

health rather than on an individual basis. Here, the nurse will
be able to seethe total picture of family & community health.
 2. It gives the nurse a better perspective of the health

conditions of the community & the health programs
conceived and implemented by the government & to
appreciate the nurses’ role in nation building.
Disadvantages Public Health Nursing
or CHN
 1. Cases found in public health nursing are limited mostly to
chronic &/or communicable diseases.
 2. There are more hazards in public health than in hospital

nursing, such as exposure to elements (inclement weather,
heat of sun, rain), dog or snake bites, accidents, etc.
 3. There are no fixed hours of work. The nurse may be

called upon any time of the day or night.
 4. Some claim that public health nursing is not as exciting

nor as glamorous as hospital work.
Disadvantages of Public Health Nursing
 5. Facilities for care of the sick are limited so that practice

or skills may also be limited.
 6. The public health nurse may not be immediately aware

of changes or trends in the fields of medicine or nursing.
 7. Public health nursing is not a place for introverts. A

nurse has to be outgoing to meet people.
 8. There is no immediate supervisor to consult in case of

emergency.
PRIVATE DUTY OR SPECIAL
NURSING
Giving care to clients
that requires special
attention.
Hired by the family of

the client.
Has a higher pay but are

independent contractors
without health benefits
Private Duty or Special Duty Nursing
 Nurses in private practice are expected to be

expert clinicians as well as expert generalists
in nursing.
 They use the title Private Duty Nurse, Private

Nurse Practitioner, Special Duty Nurse or
Private Duty Nurse Specialist.
Independent Nursing Practice
 Nurse is self-employed and provides

professional nursing practitioners set up their
families.
Definition of Private Duty Practitioner
 A private duty nurse is a registered nurse who

undertakes to give comprehensive nursing care to a
client on a one-to-one ratio.
 She/he is an independent contractor.
 The patient may be provided care in the hospital or in

the home.
Disadvantages of Private Duty Practice
 1.Some private duty nurses create a situation in which the patients
become totally dependent on them.
 2.Many private duty nurses graduated so long ago & have not
upgraded their knowledge & skills.
 3. There are not enough nurses for evening & night shifts, for
holiday, weekends, vacation periods.
 4.Being lone practitioner minimizes opportunity for developing

good relationships with other hospital personnel.
 5. Some private duty nurses resent supervision by hospital staff.

 6. Little assistance is given by the Head Nurse when the

patient is critically ill & the private duty nurse needs
help in giving treatment or in changing the position of
the patient.
 Head Nurse does not mange for relief when the patient
cannot be left alone.
 7. Private duty nurses have very little or no participation

in professional activities. If they ever do, they do so on
their own time and expense.
 8. Nurses who are very experienced & well-

qualified receive the same fees as the new
graduates.
 9. Private duty nurses face problems in private
practice being independent contractors &
there is greater need for liability.
 10. There are no retirement, insurance and
medicare benefits unless the private
duty nurses provide these for themselves.
2 categories of private duty nurse
 A.General Private Duty Nurse - has the

capabilities for providing basic nursing care to
any type of patient.
 B.Private Duty Nurse Specialist - in

addition to the foregoing abilities expected of
the general nurse practitioner & as a result of
his/her specialized preparation.
Advantages of Private Duty Practice
1. The chance to see life as it really is, to study

human nature & to know at close range
interesting people of different nationalities,
cultures, religion, & status
2. The opportunity to make real friends through

close association with the patient & his family
3. The chance to travel & see the world

Advantages of Private Duty Practice
4. The ability to own time, adjust work & private life
satisfactorily, & direct off duty time into enjoyable
leisure
5. The chance to keep abreast with new knowledge and

procedures which provide an exciting, stimulating
experience, with infinite variety of problems to solve &
personal satisfaction to be gleaned
 6. Thechallenge of giving his/her best in providing

care & having the satisfaction of seeing its results.
NURSING EDUCATION
Rendering clinical teaching to nursing
students & molding them to become
future nurses
Nursing Education
 Career opportunities in nursing education are

better today than ever before.
 Thereis a chronic teacher shortage in all

nursing education programs.
INDUSTRIAL OR OCCUPATIONAL
NURSING
 Renders first aid treatment & nursing care to employees
or persons who are injured or become ill on company
facility.
Industrial or Occupational Health Nursing
 It is the specialty practice that provides &

delivers health care services to workers.
 The practice is focused on promotion,

protection & supervision of workers.
MILITARY NURSING
The
Nurses
Corps
SCHOOL NURSING
Working with children in

the academe
Giving first aid treatment

for students
Health teaching on
proper grooming
School Nursing
 School nurses are responsible for the school’s

activities in the areas of health services, health
education & environmental health & safety.
Advantages of School Nursing
 School nursing affords one the opportunity to

watch children advance from grade to grade in
school health.
 Hours are usually good & there is no shift

duty.
Disadvantages of School Nursing
 Many school nurses do not update themselves on the

current issues in nursing making them unaware of
changes in the nursing practice.
 School nurses should enjoy working with children and

should be able to work through, & with others to achieve
their objectives.
 They should accept the educational functions of the

school & be committed to
the promotion of health through education.
CLINIC NURSING
Efficient clinic
nurses are trusted in
their judgment &
share in making the
plan of care.
Clinic Nursing
 Requires that nurse possess a general skills

Independent Nursing Practice
 Nurse is self-employed & provides

professional nursing practitioners set up their
families.
Flight Nursing
 A flight nurse is responsible for patients,

military or otherwise, who have been
evacuated from battle areas to the nearest
health installation for treatment.
 Nurses are fulfilling expanded career roles, such as

those of
 nurse practitioner,
 clinical nurse specialist,
 nurse midwife,
 nurse educator,
 nurse researcher &
 nurse anesthetist.
 All of which allow greater independence & autonomy.

 Nurse practitioner
 Clinical nurse specialist
 Nurse anesthetist
 Nurse midwife
 Nurse researcher
 Nurse administrator
 Nurse educator
 Nurse entrepreneur
Roles of the Professional Nurse
 Care Provider
 Assist
the client physically & psychologically
while preserving the client’s dignity.
 The nurse supports the client by attitudes &

actions that show concern for client welfare &
acceptance of the client as a person.
Communicator/Helper
 Nurses identify client problems & then

communicate these verbally or in writing to
other members of the health team.
 The nurse communicates with clients, support

persons & colleagues to facilitate all nursing
actions.
Teacher
 Nurse helps clients learn about their health & the

health care procedures they need to perform to
restore or maintain their health.
 The nurse provides health teaching to effect

behavior change which focuses on acquiring new
knowledge or technical skills.
 This role gives emphasis on health promotion &

health maintenance.
Counselor
 This role includes providing emotional, intellectual

& psychologic support.
 The nurse helps the client to recognize & cope with

stressful psychologic or social problems to develop
improved personal relationships &to promote
personal growth.
Client Advocate
 Nurse may represent the client’s needs and

wishes to other health professionals, such as
relaying the client’s wishes for information to
the physician.
 The nurse promotes what is best for the
client, ensures that the clients needs are met &
protects the client’s rights.
Change Agent
 The nurse initiates changes and assists the client make

modifications in the lifestyle to promote health.
 This role involves identifying the problem, assessing the

client’s motivations & capacities for change, determining
alternatives, exploring the possible outcomes of the
alternatives,
 assessing resources, determining appropriate helping roles,

establishing & maintaining a helping relationship,
recognizing phases of the change process, & guiding the
client through these phases.
Leader
 The nurse through the process of interpersonal

influence, helps the client make decisions in
establishing & achieving goals to improve his
well-being.
Manager
 Plans, gives direction, develops staff, monitors

operations, gives rewards fairly & represents both
staff members & administration as needed.
 Manages the nursing care of individuals, groups,

families & communities.
 Delegates nursing activities to ancillary workers

and other nurses & supervises & evaluates their
performance.
Researcher
 The nurse participates in scientific investigation

& uses research findings in practice.
 The nurse helps develop knowledge about

health and the promotion of health over the full
life span; care of persons with health problems
& disabilities; & nursing actions to enhance
people’s ability to respond effectively to actual
or potential health problems.
Expanded Career Roles
 Nurses are fulfilling expanded career roles,

such as those of nurse practitioner, clinical
nurse specialist, nurse midwife, nurse
educator, nurse researcher & nurse
anesthetist.
 All of which allow greater independence and

autonomy.
Primary purposes of education
 Help individuals develop his potentials to the

fullest.
 Acquaint the individual in the world around

him.
BON – Board of Nursing
Chair – Carmencita Abaquin Members:
 Leonila Faire
 Cecilia Po
 Betty Merit
 Yolanda Arugay
 Amelia Rosales
 Marco Santo Tomas

Discipline
 Discipulus –meaning learner & discere - meaning to learn.
 It is the cultivation of mind & formation of manners, training according

to rules.
 William James – psychologist pointed out the establishment of habits

before 20 years.
 Establishment of intellectual and professional learning– 20 -30 years
 Discipline is the essence of professional life.

 Uniform – reflects an index of proficiency and efficiency and mirror of
her capabilities.
Education thoughts
 An educated person will need to learn with an interest to

learning,

 knowledge how to learn,

 desire to learn in a new environment and make
adjustment - do as the Romans do.

 Curiosity to expand the fundamentals originally learned -
makes thing perfect through constant practice.

TEACHER - THE GREATEST
INNOVATOR
Anyone who stops learning is old, whether at twenty or eighty.
Anyone who keeps learning stays young.
To teach is to learn twice.
Teachers should guide without dictating, & participate

without dominating.
The critical factor is not class size but rather the nature of the
teaching as it affects learning.
LEARNING NEVER ENDS

`
PATIENT’S BILL OF RIGHTS
 PATIENT’S BILL OF RIGHTS – INTRODUCED BY

AMERICAN HOSPITAL ASSOCIATION

 COLLEGIALITY- THE PROMOTION OF
COLLABORATION , DEVELOPMENT AND
INTERDEPENDENCE AMONG MEMBERS OF
PROFESSION
 A PERSON WHO BELIEVES IN SCIENTIFIC OR
BIOMEDICAL APPROACH TO HEALTH IS LIKELY TO
EXPECT A DRUG TREATMENT, SURGERY TO CURE
ILLNESS.

Nursing As A Profession: Dr. Thelma C. de Mesa RN, Man, Usrn, PHD

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NURSING AS A

 LONG EXAM - - - - - - - = 40% (of the total

Total CS: 100 = 60% (of the total

 LONG EXAM - - - - - - - = 40% (of the total

Prelim Grade = (Lec Grade x 3) + (RLE Grade x 2)

PG (NCM 100) = 80.52

PRELIM GRADE – 80.6

Nursing- comes from the latin word - nutrix,

 Nursing is an art and science that deals with

 Itwas viewed as science, an art, a vocation &

 Science - because it requires systematic application of

 Profession - because it is a specialized body of

 Discipline – because it is a branch of education –

 Discipline defined – an area of study; more related

 An orientation of the individual towards service to the community

 It provides service to society, involving specialized body of

 It is motivated more by its commitment to the service it renders,

 It adheres to a code of conduct based on ethical principles.

 2. It must demand adequate pre-professional &cultural training.

 3. It must demand the possession of a body of specialized & systematized

 5. It must have developed a scientific technique which is the result of tested

 6. It must require the exercise of discretion & judgment as to

 7. It must have a group of consciousness designed to extend

 8. It must recognize its obligations to society by insisting that

 Offers a competency – based, community- oriented

 acquired by means of prescribed course in a school of nursing

 recognized by the state and practiced in conjunction with

• The Philippine Nursing Act of 1991 (R.A.

— A person shall be deemed to be practicing nursing within the

 A person shall be deemed to be practicing

 As independent practitioners, nurses are primarily

 As members of the health team, nurses shall

 It shall be the duty of the nurse to:

 Nursing care includes, but is not limited to, traditional and

 In case of suturing of perineal laceration, special

 Establish linkages with community resources and

 Provide health education to individuals, families &

 Teach, guide & supervise students in nursing

 undertake consultation services;

 engage in such activities that require the utilization

 Undertake nursing & health human resource

 Provided further, that in the practice of nursing in all

 The nurse is required to maintain competence by

 Provided, finally, that the program & activity for the

 Nursing - is a scientific discipline.

International Council of Nurses (ICN)

American Nursing Association (ANA)

 The act of utilizing the environment of the patient to assist him in

 A theoretical system of knowledge that prescribes a process of analysis and

 A helping or assisting service to who are wholly or partly dependent - infants,

 A helping profession that assists individuals and groups in society to attain,

 An external regulatory force that acts to preserve the organization and

 Diagnosis & treatment of human responses to actual & potential

 Nursing is an occupation requiring a unique body of knowledge and

 1.One who recognizes & understands the

 2. Possess a body of scientific nursing knowledge

 3. Must possess the kind of judgment which will

Professional Nursing is involved in:

 1. Must have a license to practice nursing in the

 1. interest & willingness to work & learn with individuals/groups in a variety

 2. a warm personality & concern for people

 3. resourcefulness & creativity as well as a well-balanced emotional condition