INTRODUCTION TO SYSTEMIC ANATOMY

The Anatomy Lesson of Dr. Nicolaes Tulp by Rembrandt, 1632

Kaan Yücel M.D., Ph.D.

 1. INTRODUCTION TO
SYSTEMIC ANATOMY

ATOMS MOLECULES
 1. INTRODUCTION TO
SYSTEMIC ANATOMY
Trillions of the cells in the human body
1. INTRODUCTION TO
SYSTEMIC ANATOMY

Tissues
1. INTRODUCTION TO
SYSTEMIC ANATOMY
78 organs in the body
1. INTRODUCTION TO
SYSTEMIC ANATOMY
9 -13 systems
1. INTRODUCTION TO
SYSTEMIC ANATOMY

HUMAN BODY
 SYSTEMS IN THE BODY
1. Skeletal System
2. Articular system Locomotor system
3. Muscular System
4. Cardiovascular (Circulatory) System
5. Respiratory System
6. Digestive (Alimentary) System
7. Urinary (Excretory) System
8. Reproductive (Genital) System
9. Endocrine System
10.Nervous system
11.Integumentary system
LOCOMOTOR SYSTEM
 LOCOMOTOR SYSTEM
None of the systems functions
in isolation.

 passive skeletal & articular systems

 active muscular system
collectively constitute a supersystem
locomotor system

must work together to produce

locomotion of the body.
 LOCOMOTOR SYSTEM
brain and nerves of the nervous system

stimulate them to act.

arteries and veins of the circulatory system

supply oxygen and nutrients

remove waste from these structures.

sensory organs (especially vision and equilibrium)

play important roles in directing their activities.

 INTRODUCTION TO REGIONAL ANATOMY

Kaan Yücel M.D., Ph.D.

 topographical anatomy
organization of the human body as
organization of the human body as
major parts or segments
major parts or segments
Head

Neck

Trunk
thorax, abdomen, back, &
pelvis/perineum

Upper limbs & lower limbs

Anterior aspect of the leg

 CAVITIES IN THE BODY
Diaphragm divides body cavity into thoracic & abdominopelvic
cavities.
Mediastinum contains all structures of the thoracic cavity except
the lungs.
 Ventral Body Cavity Membranes

Parietal serosa lines internal body walls.

Visceral serosa covers the internal organs.
Cavity between two membranes filled with lubricating serous
fluid that is produced by the membranes.
Serous Membranes: Named for Their Specific
Cavities& Organs

Pericardium refers to heart.

Pleura refers to lungs and thoracic cavity.

Peritoneum refers to abdominopelvic cavity.

 Other Body Cavities
Oral and digestive – mouth and cavities of the digestive organs
Nasal –located within and posterior to the nose
Orbital – house the eyes
Middle ear – contain bones (ossicles) that transmit sound vibrations
Synovial – joint cavities
 REGIONS IN THE BODY
Head & neck

Upper limb

Thorax

Abdomen

Back

Pelvis & Perineum

Lower limb
 HEAD
Neurocranium
Skeleton of the face
 NECK
transitional area between base of the cranium superiorly clavicles
inferiorly

joins the head to the trunk and limbs

major conduit for structures passing between them.

several important organs with unique functions located here

 UPPER LIMB
shoulder, arm, elbow, forearm, wrist, and hand
Shoulder
area of upper limb attachment to trunk
Arm
Arm
between shoulder & elbow joint
between shoulder & elbow joint
Forearm
Forearm
between elbow joint & wrist joint
between elbow joint & wrist joint
Hand
Hand
distal to the wrist joint
distal to the wrist joint
UPPER LIMB
SHOULDER
proximal segment of the limb
overlaps parts of the trunk (thorax and back) and lower
lateral neck
Bone framework of the shoulder
clavicle and scapula, form the pectoral girdle (shoulder
girdle); proximal end of the humerus
UPPER LIMB
SHOULDER
overlies half of the pectoral girdle.
pectoral (shoulder) girdle
a bony ring
formed by scapulae and clavicles
completed anteriorly by the upper part of the sternum
UPPER LIMB
AXILLA
area of transition between the neck and the arm
Formed by
Clavicle
Scapula
Upper thoracic wall
Humerus
Related muscles
UPPER LIMB
Arm
first segment of the free upper limb

between shoulder & elbow

Humerus

Forearm
second longest segment of the limb

between elbow & wrist (L. carpus)

Radius & Ulna
UPPER LIMB Hand
L. manus
part of the upper limb distal to the forearm

Wrist
Palm
Dorsum of hand
Digits (fingers)
 THORAX
between the neck and abdomen

.
 THORACIC SKELETON
forms the osteocartilaginous thoracic cage
protects the thoracic viscera and some abdominal organs.
12 pairs of ribs & associated costal cartilages
12 pairs of ribs & associated costal cartilages
12 thoracic vertebrae & intervertebral discs
12 thoracic vertebrae & intervertebral discs
Sternum
Sternum
 ABDOMEN
between thorax & pelvis (pelvic inlet)
organs of the alimentary
system and part of the
urogenital system

Containment of the
abdominal organs and their
contents
provided by
musculoaponeurotic walls
anterolaterally, diaphragm
superiorly, muscles of the
pelvis inferiorly
 BACK
posterior aspect of the body
provides the musculoskeletal axis of support for the
trunk.
Bony elements
mainly vertebrae
+ proximal elements of the ribs
+ superior aspects of the pelvic bones
+ posterior basal regions of the skull
 BACK
spinal cord and proximal parts of the spinal nerves

send and receive information to and from most of the body.

 PELVIS
from the pelvic inlet to the pelvic diaphragm

part of the trunk inferoposterior to abdomen

area of transition between trunk & lower limbs

pelvic cavity
inferiormost part of the abdominopelvic cavity

PERINEUM
between the sex organs and the anus
 PELVIC GIRDLE
Pelvis surrounded by the pelvic girdle (bony pelvis)

formed by three bones

Right and left hip bones (coxal bones; pelvic bones)
fusion of three bones, the ilium, ischium, and pubis

Sacrum

connects the vertebral column to the two femora

 LOWER LIMB
Gluteal
Glutealregion
region
between the iliac crest and the fold of skin (gluteal fold)
between the iliac crest and the fold of skin (gluteal fold)

Thigh
Thigh
Knee
Knee
Leg
Leg
Ankle
Ankle
Foot
Foot
LOWER LIMB
GLUTEAL REGION
transitional region between the trunk and free lower limbs
LOWER LIMB
FEMORAL REGION
between gluteal, abdominal, and perineal regions proximally
knee region distally

most of the femur (thigh bone)

LOWER LIMB
KNEE REGION
distal femur and proximal tibia
head of the fibula
patella (knee cap
joints between these bony structures

posterior region of the knee (L. poples)

popliteal fossa
LOWER LIMB

Leg region
between knee joint & ankle joint
most of the tibia (shin bone)
fibula (calf bone)

Ankle region
(L. tarsus)
talocrural region (L. regio talocruralis)

Foot
(L. pes) or foot region (L. regio pedis)
distal part of the lower limb
LOWER LIMB