Principles of Digital Communications

Majd Hallak
170701119
 The Presentation Purposes

 
At the conclusion of this Presentation, we should have a good understanding of the
following:

 Develop optimal receiver designs for digital communications using statistical

communication theory principles
 
 General understanding of digital communications

 Learning about some tools of digital communication

 Well understanding of the usage of digital communications

 Textbook and References
Textbooks/References
John G. Proakis and M. Salehi, Digital Communications, 5th Edition, McGraw-
Hill, New York, 2007.

Digital Communications Haykin, Wiley

Robert G. Gallager, Principles of Digital Communication, Cambridge University
Press, 2008.

J. Wozencraft & I. Jacobs, “Principles of Communication Engineering” John Wiley.

David Tse and Pramod Viswanath, Fundamentals of Wireless Communications,

Cambridge University Press.
 
Andrea Goldsmith, Wireless Communications, Cambridge University Press.
 
Theodore Rappaport, Wireless Communications: Principles and Practice, Prentice Hall.
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 Related Journals/Conferences
• Journals
- IEEE Transactions on Communications
- IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications
- IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications
- IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology
- IEEE Transactions on Signal Processing
-…
• Conferences
- IEEE International Conferences on Communications (ICC)
- IEEE Global Communications Conference (Globecom)
- IEEE Wireless Communications and Networking Conference (WCNC)
-…

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There are many types of digital
communication, commonly referred
to as digital
communication channels. These
include email, phone calls, video
conferencing, and many types of
instant messaging like SMS and web
chats. Even blogs, podcasts, and
videos are considered forms
of digital communication
5 benefits of digital communication in the workplace
1- Enhanced employee engagement and
empowerment. Communication is the cornerstone of an
engaged workforce. ...

2- Employees are able to work better and faster. ...

3- Organizations can create and reinforce a shared purpose

and values. ...

4- Remote working is here to stay. ...

5- A collaborative culture to drive success.

The purposes of digital communication:

Digital communication provides a seamless

experience to customers and stakeholders
– By eliminating the need for time-
consuming face to face interactions, digital
communication in various forms such as AI,
chatbots and automation, makes it easier
for customers to reach out to organizations
at a time that is convenient
Advantages of Digital Communication
As the signals are digitized, there are many advantages of digital communication over
analog communication, such as :

1-The effect of distortion, noise, and interference is much

less in digital signals as they are less affected.

2-Digital circuits are more reliable.

3-Digital circuits are easy to design and cheaper than analog

circuits.

4-The hardware implementation in digital circuits, is more

flexible than analog.

5-The occurrence of cross-talk is very rare in digital

communication
Disadvantage of Digital Communications:
1-Sampling may cause loss of information.

2- A/D and D/A demands mixed-signal

hardware.

3-Processor speed is limited.

4-Develop quantization and round-off errors.

5-
Systems and processing is more complex.
 Digital Communications
• Nowadays communications is essential to all sectors of society.
Fast and reliable information transmission is EXTREMELY IMPORTANT.

• In this era of information technology, it is believed that the

prosperity and continued development of modern nations will
depend primarily on communications.

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 Wireless Revolution

Mobile TV
Mobile Internet
Voice
WiFi

SMS

Email

Video

Yesterday - 2000 Today - 2016

Millions of wireless devices Billions of wireless devices
3
Wireless Revolution

4
 Wireless Revolution

Ericsson Mobility Report June 2015

• Worldwide
- 8 billion mobiles (April 2015)
- Almost = the world population
– China, 1.24 billion (Jan 2015)
5
Wireless Data Explosion

Ericsson Mobility Report June 2014

6
Wireless will continue to grow!

• 3D internet with
high definition
• Mobile 3D
projector
• Telepresence
• …
8
Wireless will continue to grow!

9
Let's have a look at the top ten internal
communication challenges and see how they can be
avoided.
A Lack of Feedback. ...
Email Overload ...
Overall Lack of Communication. ...
Device Chaos. ...
Onboarding New Employees. ...
Language Barriers. ...
Balancing Internal and External News. ...
An Overload of Irrelevance.
Challenges

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 Transmission Systems

• Analog Communications
- Continuous modulation
- Fidelity is usually defined in terms of
SNR.

• Digital Communications
- Signals made up of discrete symbols
selected from a finite set (e.g., binary
data).
- Fidelity or Accuracy is specified in terms 00011011110
of bit error rate (Probability of making a
bit error).

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Simplified block diagram of a digital communication system

Binary interface

Information Source Channel

Modulator
Source Encoder Encoder

Noise Channel

Received Source Channel

Demodulator
Information Decoder Decoder

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 Digital Communication Systems
-- Source Encoder
• Sampling
- makes signal discrete in time
- signals can be sampled without introducing distortion
• Quantization
- makes signal discrete in amplitude
- Good quantizers are able to use few bits and introduce small
distortion
• Source Coding
- compression of digital data to eliminate redundant
information (squeeze out redundant information)
- does not introduce distortion
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 Digital Communication Systems
-- Channel Encoder
• Encryption
- ensures data privacy
• Channel coding
- Provides protection against transmission errors by selectively
inserting redundant data
- plays an extremely important role in system design
• Modulation
- Converts digital data to a continuous waveform suitable for
transmission (usually a sinusoidal wave)
- Information is transmitted by varying one or more parameters of
the transmitted signal
• Varying Phase such as in Phase Shift Keying (PSK)
• Varying Frequency such as in Frequency Shift Keying (FSK)
• Varying Amplitude such as in Amplitude Shift Keying (ASK)
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A more detailed picture

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 Communication Channels
• Wireline channels
- Telephone network
- Twisted-pair wire lines and coaxial cable
• Fiber-optic channels
- Higher bandwidth, > GHz
• Underwater acoustic channels
- With increasing interest, but very challenging to design
• Storage channels
- Magnetic tape, magnetic disks, optical disks, compact disks
• Wireless channels

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 Communication Channel

 Additive Noise Channel

 Linear Filter Channel

 Linear Time Variant Filter Channel

 What makes Communications Systems
Challenging?
• Transmission in a particular application depends on
many factors. This includes:
 information rate (bit rate)
 cost
 number of users
 quality of service (BER, Delay, SNR)
 medium over which the information is to be sent -
Channel.

• Example: wireless systems requires a different design from an

optical fibre communications link.

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 Communication Channels
• Channel carries the transmitted signals
- could be a telephone wire, free space and often presents distorted signal to
demodulator
• Effects include
- Attenuation - Transmitted power typically decreases as inverse of square distance
- Noise (e.g., additive white Gaussian noise or AWGN.)
- Filtering
• Channel can have a bandwidth that is small compared to the signal bandwidth
(e.g., in a telephone channel).
• Transmitted pulses will be changed in shape and smeared out in time causing
Inter-symbol interference or ISI.
- Fading
• Signal amplitude can change in a random fashion
- Time Variation
• Time-varying channels cause signal fading.
• Different components of the signal can be faded at different levels and this often
causes random filtering of the signals (hence ISI).
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 What are the Features of a Good
Communication System?
• Small signal power (measured in Watts or dBm)
• Large data rate (measured in bits/sec)
• Small bandwidth (measured in Hertz)
• Low distortion (measured in SNR or bit error rate)
• Low cost - with digital communications, large complexity does
not always result in large cost

In practice, there must be tradeoffs made in achieving

these goals

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in conclusion, digital communication can be defined
as the ability to create communications in different
media, which can be its websites, video, audio, text,
or animated multimedia

the usage of digital communication is growing daily as

people are learning more ways to increase efficiency
and decrease the errors and as new social media
platform is growing every single day, social media has
became a huge part of our daily life and it is a
necessary thing if you want to succeed in any kind of
business
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